(British, French and American bourgeois revolution)
First, the parliamentary victory over the monarchy (British bourgeois revolution)
1, time:1640-the beginning of modern world history 1688.
2. Conditions:
(1) actively engaged in overseas trade and colonial plunder by taking advantage of being located at the crossroads of Atlantic routes.
(2) The enclosure movement has accumulated huge capital and made capitalism develop rapidly.
(3) With the development of economy, the strength of the bourgeoisie is growing day by day, which requires mastering political power and further developing capitalism.
3. Process:
(1) 1640, Charles I called the parliament (fuse) to raise military expenses.
(2) 1642, Charles I declared a "crusade against parliament" and provoked a civil war (symbol).
(3)1649, Charles I was guillotined.
(4) 1688, the bourgeoisie staged a coup and overthrew the restoration dynasty without bloodshed.
(5) 1689, the bill of rights was passed-the constitutional monarchy was established (the political system in which parliament restricted the power of the king; Created in England; Japan, Thailand, Belgium, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands, Portugal and other countries have also adopted constitutional monarchy.
4. * * * Things: Cromwell
5. People (Parliament organized the army, and many farmers and craftsmen participated in the parliamentary army, which greatly increased the combat effectiveness of the parliamentary army)
It shows that outstanding figures are the promoters of history and the people are the creators of history.
Second, the emergence of the first president in history (American bourgeois revolution, national independence war)
1, date:1773-1781year.
2.* * *: Washington
3. Roots: British colonial rule hindered the development of colonial economy in North America, and the formation of American nation and the awakening of national democratic consciousness conflicted with British economic oppression and colonial oppression.
4. Process:
(1) 1773, Boston Tea Party (fuse)
The East India Company's tea is cheap, why should the North American people refuse it? )
(2) 1775, the gunfire in Lexington started the American War of Independence.
(3) 1776 On July 4th, the Declaration of Independence was adopted, marking the birth of the United States of America (Declaration of Independence: the first bourgeois political appeal put forward in the form of a program in the world, denouncing the tyranny of the British king over the colonies, declaring that all people are created equal, and people have inalienable rights such as bottom-up, freedom and pursuit of happiness, and announcing the official birth of the United States of America. )
(4) 178 1 year, the war of independence was won.
5. Reasons for victory: the North American people long for independence, the justice of the war itself in opposing colonial rule and striving for national liberation, and the promotion of the bourgeoisie.
6. 1787, the United States enacted a constitution and established a Republic, and Washington was elected as the first president of the United States (according to Montesquieu's theory of "separation of powers", the legislative, executive and judicial powers were separated; Founded in the United States; Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Egypt, Indonesia and other countries have adopted this method. )
7. The change of American flag and territory shows that the United States has embarked on the road of colonial expansion after independence.
Third, selfless French citizens (French bourgeois revolution)
1. The three-level hierarchy before the French Revolution: the king has the supreme power "I am the country"-Louis XIV.
First grade: priest
The second layer: nobility (the first and second layers are called privileged layers)
The third level: the bourgeoisie, craftsmen, urban poor and farmers.
2. Root: feudal autocracy hindered the development of French capitalism.
3, fuse: 1789, Louis XVI held a three-level meeting.
4. Three armed uprisings of the people of Paris:
(1) 1789 July 14, the capture of the Bastille (symbol, National Day), the capture of the Bastille and the Declaration of Human Rights.
The Declaration of Human Rights: "Sovereignty belongs to the people" is one of the achievements of the people's armed uprising in Paris during the French Revolution and a programmatic document of the revolution. Its core content is to clarify the bourgeois human rights requirements and the proposition of governing the country according to law.
The relationship between the French bourgeois revolution and the Enlightenment: Voltaire believes that people are born free and equal, and the Declaration of Human Rights declares that people are born free and equal, and they will always be free and equal in rights; It can be said that the Enlightenment made a unique ideological preparation for the French Revolution and was a great practice of the bourgeois Enlightenment.
(2) 1792, the people of Paris revolted again, abolished the monarchy and established the Republic, and Louis XVI was guillotined.
The French national anthem was born. The war song of the Rhine army-marseillaise
(3) 1793, the third uprising of Paris people. Robespierre came to power and implemented the revolutionary policy-the revolution reached its peak.
5. Significance: The French Revolution ended the feudal autocracy in France and dealt a heavy blow to the feudal system in other European countries. The French Revolution always gave, but it fully demonstrated the great strength of the people. The Republic was finally established and continues to this day.
The three revolutions have highlighted the power of the masses, indicating that the masses are the creators of history.
After the three revolutions, an advanced political system was established, which is one of the reasons why the west is advanced.