First, there are grammatical phenomena in classical Chinese, such as flexible use of parts of speech (nouns are verbs, nouns are adverbials, nouns are verbs, verbs are verbs, verbs are nouns, adjectives are verbs, adjectives are verbs, adjectives are verbs and numerals are verbs and verbs);
Secondly, special sentence patterns in classical Chinese (judgment sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence, inverted sentence-verb inversion, prepositional object, attributive postposition, prepositional structure postposition);
Third, the usage of function words in classical Chinese.
Finally, we should pay attention to the phenomenon of false words in classical Chinese, ancient and modern synonyms (especially disyllabic words in classical Chinese such as sacrifice, relatives and wives). ), fixed sentence patterns (meaning "yes" and "no"), and the existence of "why".
2. How to analyze classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, and classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of the college entrance examination. Students often ask, how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination? I think if we can pay attention to the following points, we can learn classical Chinese well and improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination.
First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river. Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao.
Second, have relevant cultural common sense. China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times. Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams.
Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present." We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain. In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese.
Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese. When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech. ③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination.
3. How to analyze classical Chinese 1? The analysis of classical Chinese is generally the translation of key words and the flexible use of nouns, loanwords, ancient and modern meanings and key sentence patterns.
2. The analysis of classical Chinese must also be able to give an exact and appropriate explanation according to the up and down * * *, which is the most important step to understand classical Chinese and its meaning.
3. Content words in classical Chinese include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals and quantifiers. When preparing for the exam, we should master the language phenomena such as different meanings in ancient and modern times, polysemy, and borrowing meanings. Only by mastering these ancient knowledge can we correctly understand some language phenomena in classical Chinese and accurately translate a classical Chinese. Read more books, think more and practice more, and you can accurately analyze a classical Chinese.
Just some personal opinions, for reference only.
4. How to analyze the components of classical Chinese sentences clearly: 1, the positional relationship of single sentence components is the subject, the object is before the predicate, the object is before the predicate, and the attribute is before the subject or object. 2. What word is the subject of each sentence component: noun, pronoun and noun phrase. Predicate: verb, adjective object: noun, pronoun, noun phrase. Adverbial: adverb. Less than a word. Any sentence is a phrase without punctuation. A noun phrase: taking a noun as the subject and center, it is nominal as a whole, and its grammatical function is roughly the same as that of a noun. Can be used as subject and object. 1. The coordinate relationship consists of "harmony, subordination, identity, harmony, harmony, harmony, or", such as workers and peasants, cities and villages, and 2. Nouns and attributives that are partially related. Nouns are called head words. Such as the magnificent mountains and rivers 3. For example, the directional phrases on the blackboard (up, down, left, right, east, west, north, south). For example, eating, drinking and the word "de" in our class 5. Multiple reference phrases, for example, driver Lao Wang B verb phrase: can act as any component. 1, and give an example: investigation and study 2. For example, the more formal (adverbial+) verb-complement type becomes more beautiful. 5. For example, open the door and enter the room to give this lecture. 6. A part-time job, such as inviting you to participate ("you" is the object of "please" and the subject of "participate", holding two positions, part-time C, adjective phrase: can act as any component. 1, juxtaposition such as: tenacious and powerful 2, part formal such as: very vivid 3, formal complement: beautiful d, subject-predicate phrases such as: spring has come e, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of, preposition of. Prepositions for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for and for are generally used as adverbials or complements. For example, we are sitting next to a high mound. F fixed phrases include: mainly idioms. Teaching content: flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese. Teaching process: 1. Show examples and think about whether nouns can be used as predicates in modern Chinese. Generally speaking, verbs act as adverbials. 2. Can nouns be used as adverbials? Generally speaking, adverbs and prepositional phrases act as 3. Can adjective verbs be subject and object? The general noun acts as 4. Can intransitive verbs take objects? Generally speaking, it is acted by transitive verbs. Please look at the example: February grass has (). Please analyze the composition. Spaces should be predicates and must be acted by verbs. The empty space is a "bud". Today is a noun, which is used flexibly as a verb here. Mingming: In this position, there must be this part of speech. The language environment determines the part of speech. Secondly, several rules are clarified: 1, and the flexible use of part of speech can be judged by analyzing sentence components. Second, names, forms and intransitive verbs with objects all have causative and intentional conditions. Third, nouns are directly used as adverbials and translated into object-object phrases. Fourth, the intentional usage is translated into "think ……" 1, and the noun is used flexibly (1) as a verb, for example, the left and right desires are like a wolf's hole, and the rain and rain wall is broken in it (2) as a verb (causative), for example, the monarch will be sad, and the king who first broke Qin into Xianyang (3) is used flexibly as a verb (intentional) The verb (1) is used flexibly as a noun, for example, fear is hidden. (2) Flexible use as a verb (causative usage), such as Xiang Bo's murder. Flexible use of adjectives: (1) used as nouns, for example, picking the strengths of a hundred flowers and removing their weaknesses; (2) Used as a verb, for example, be kind and wait for Sean; ③ Used as causative verbs, for example, spring breeze and green Jiang Nanan; 4. Numerals used as verbs, for example, making four and four with ministers; Review (1) Due to environmental reasons, the part of speech has changed temporarily. Because the position of the word in a certain component has changed, the meaning has also changed. (2) Translation is the key. It is a good thing to read more books. Three hours of teaching content: the teaching process of special sentence patterns in classical Chinese: 1. Nowadays, sentences are generally ancient sentences of "subject+form+predicate+object", and the subject can be used as an attribute and can be placed after the subject and object. Compared with today, its word order is very special, so it is called a special sentence pattern. After correct translation, it can be judged as a special sentence pattern. Second, image display. Make six molds and write six components on the "name mark" to compare the positional relationship between ancient and modern sentence components. Please invite six distinguished guests (guests) to sit down. Four leaders: the main body refers to the * * * CPPCC deputies of Binxian County Committee. Use nouns or noun phrases as predicates. In modern Chinese, the predicate is "yes". (1) ... Zhe ... also (2) Zhe Ye (3) ... Ye ④ Nai, Wei, that is, ⑤ "Yes". For example, Chen is from Yangcheng. Yang Xia is also famous. Liu Bei, the hero of the world, is the son of Fu Su and has a stubborn Dongpo. 2. Elliptic sentences generally omit the subject, object, quotation object, predicate and "Yu". For example, beggars' gangs will seduce the enemy (deal with it) (touch the dragon), and Xu will ask him (Yu). Preposition object. (The pronoun in the negative sentence is the prepositional object) Is Pei Hongan there? An interrogative pronoun is a prepositional object. The subject after the predicate is reversed. For example, sorry, you are not smart. It's amazing! 5. Attribute comes after the head word (noun). For example, living at the height of a temple is on a high temple. 6. After the translation of prepositional phrases, it can be found that in modern Chinese, prepositional phrases are adverbials and precede predicates. In ancient Chinese, it is a complement, after the predicate. For example, throwing bones at it, throwing bones at wolves.