Hundred years war between Britain and France! The Hundred Years' War refers to the war between Britain and France, and then Burgundy, during the period of 1337- 1453. It was the longest war in the world, which lasted intermittently 1 16. During the Hundred Years War, many new tactics and weapons were developed. The cause of the war was that the vikings harassed and invaded the French coast for a long time. During the Carolingian dynasty, Charles III, the Frankish ruler, agreed that these northern Europeans would settle in Normandy on the French coast, and they later established the Principality of Normandy. 1066, normans successfully invaded England under the command of William the Conqueror. From then on, the English court in 150 years was full of French-speaking Anglo-Norman nobles. They ruled England and Normandy. 12 16 The Anglo-Norman rulers lost control of Normandy, but they still controlled some areas along the English Channel in France until the Hundred Years' War. /kloc-In the 4th century, the French tried to drive the British away from the southwest of France, thus unifying France. Of course, Britain does not want to quit, but wants to recapture the ancestral lands of Normandy, Mann and Anjou. At that time, Britain and France competed for Flanders for trade interests, which deepened the contradiction between the two sides. Because Flanders belongs to France on the surface, it is actually managed separately and often trades wool with Britain. The fuse of the war was that King Edward III of England wanted his next of kin to inherit the French throne when Capello was orphaned in France, but it was finally won by Philip VI, so Edward III declared war on France to seize the French throne. At that time, the Holy Roman Empire and the princes of Flanders sided with Britain, while Scotland and the Pope supported France. At that time, the British army was a mercenary system, consisting of infantry, archers and hired cavalry, under the unified command of the king himself, while the French army was mainly composed of feudal knights. According to the change of the situation, the Hundred Years' War can be roughly divided into four stages. The first stage of the war (1337- 1360) was the battle between Flanders and Keane. First of all, in the Battle of Schloss in 1340, the British defeated the French army, seized the sea power and stopped the French invasion. Subsequently, in the battle of keresey in August 1346, the British army gained land superiority, and after a siege of 1 1 month, it successfully occupied the French coastal defense fortress Calais. With the victory, Britain defeated the Scottish invasion in the Battle of Neville Cross and captured the pro-French king David II of Scotland, which greatly reduced the threat of Scotland to Britain. 1348 the black death swept through Europe, and the two countries stopped fighting for ten years, until 1356 Britain went to war again and captured Keith and Gasconi in southwest France. Then he used the same strategy to defeat the French again in the battle of Poitiers. Because of the British blackmail and the economic collapse of France, French civilians launched an uprising. As a result, France was forced to sign a very unequal peace treaty in Bretigny in 1360, ceding all the territory from the south of the Loire River to the Pyrenees to Britain. The second stage The second stage (1360- 1400) happened because French king Charles V wanted to avenge himself and recapture the area occupied by Britain. Charles V reorganized its army, hired infantry to replace most cavalry, established field artillery and rebuilt its fleet. Major reforms have also been carried out in the internal affairs, and the tax system has been rectified to appease the people. When the time was ripe, he appointed B. Duguesclin as the commander-in-chief of the army, attacked the British army by surprise and guerrilla tactics, and defeated the British army in many battles. By 1380, the British army had been forced to retreat to the coastal areas. In order to avoid the total loss of French territory, the British king signed an armistice agreement with France, leaving only five ports, namely Bordeaux, Bayonne, Brest, Cherbourg and Calais, and some connecting areas between Bordeaux and Bayonne. The third stage In the third stage (14 15- 1429), Britain fought against two factions, Burgundy and Amanyak, and farmers and citizens also revolted. 14 15, the British army defeated the French army in the Battle of Azancourt, and then allied with duke of burgundy to capture most of northern France. Charles vi, the French king, was unable to organize effective resistance. He only signed the Trouvat Peace Treaty in Trouvat on May 26th, 2 1 year, which was almost equivalent to acknowledging the national subjugation of France. Turn France into a part of Britain and France. King Henry V of England immediately declared himself Regent of France, and he was entitled to inherit the French throne after charles vi's death. However, in 1422, charles vi and Henry V died in the same year. As a result, Charles VII, the new king of France, and Henry VI, the new king of England, once again competed for the French throne, and the Hundred Years' War entered the fourth stage. In the fourth stage (1429- 1453), the French people, unable to bear the oppression of the British army, organized guerrilla warfare one after another, which helped the French army a lot. Guerrillas often set ambushes to catch British tax collectors and destroy the British army, thus achieving the effect of containing Britain. Although in 1428 10, Britain and Burgundy attacked Orleans and surrounded the city, which made the situation of the French army greatly unfavorable, but at this time, Joan of Arc, the savior praised by the ages, appeared in France. Under her command, the French army lifted the British siege of Orleans in May 1429 and won a great victory, thus reversing the whole war. Although Joan of Arc was quickly captured by the British army and executed for witch crime, it aroused the indignation of the whole country in France and made the French army counterattack on a large scale. 1437, the French army recaptured the capital Paris, 144 1 year regained champagne, 1450 liberated the Marne and Normandy, and then 1453 recaptured Guine. Finally, in June of 1453 65438+ 10/9, the British troops in Bordeaux surrendered, and France recovered all the territories except Calais, thus ending the Hundred Years' War completely. The Hundred Years' War was a disaster for the people of Britain and France, and it was also the time when the Black Death prevailed. Under the double blow of war and epidemic disease, the British and French economies suffered heavy losses and the people lived in poverty. A western historian once pointed out: "The Hundred Years' War is a massacre game that lasts for a hundred years. When the royal nobles of the two countries celebrated for their own interests, innocent civilians who lost their homes and relatives could only cry silently. The war was fought for a hundred years, and the people cried for a hundred years. "This statement can be said to hit the nail on the head, hit the nail on the head. Because the war was fought on the land of France, France became a land of plenty and many people were homeless. However, France finally achieved the great cause of national reunification because of this war, which laid the foundation for its future expansion in the European continent. After the Hundred Years' War, Britain not only gained nothing, but also lost almost all its territory in France, forcing it to give up its attempt to dominate the mainland and turn to the ocean, thus embarking on the road of maritime empire. The Hundred Years' War lasted from the middle of the Middle Ages to the fifteenth century, and its end year was also considered as one of the signs of the end of the Middle Ages. In the course of the war, the weapons, equipment and tactical ideas of both sides have undergone slow and profound changes, and the process of the war has also prompted the adjustment of the war system of the warring parties. /kloc-at the beginning of the war in the 0/4th century, the two sides mainly adopted the aristocratic military system in medieval western Europe, and the lords raised troops. As an expeditionary British, because this traditional military service system limited the time for lords to serve the king, they began to use mercenaries from lower-class nationals and corresponding longbow tactics in the war. Similarly, for France, the continuous large-scale war forced the ruling class to gather forces to deal with foreign enemies, prompting the royal family to pay more attention to its own power instead of distributing it to the following lords. Therefore, when the war finally ended, both warring parties successively embarked on the road of centralization. Britain's several victories in the war were also considered as serious challenges and broke the characteristics of western European aristocratic cavalry occupying a military monopoly. Since then, although France, the victorious country, has retained a large number of traditions of heavy cavalry, the awareness that infantry can defeat cavalry has been fully popularized, which has influenced and promoted the further major transformation of infantry status in the15-16th century. In the initial large-scale campaign, the French insisted on using heavy cavalry to attack directly, but in the battle of Ginkul in the15th century, they also partially accepted their opponents' ideas and began to dismount the cavalry and fight on foot, which could explain the subtle changes in the status of cavalry and infantry in the war. In the Hundred Years' War, the French army, representing knights and nobles, suffered repeated battles and defeats in large-scale battles. Finally, Joan of Arc, a commoner, inspired morale and won the final victory, which also marked the retreat of aristocratic chivalry and the rise of national war consciousness. Over the past century, the weapons and equipment of both sides have also undergone improvement and evolution. /kloc-at the beginning of the war in the 0/4th century, the best armor was mail armor, which did not substantially evolve and improve compared with the previous century. However, in the middle and late period of the15th century war, the new form of plate armor has become a common equipment for noble knights. Compared with the former, the most significant value of this new equipment is actually the improvement of shooting and assassination defense ability, so it can also be considered as the inevitable result of the large-scale application of longbow tactics in Britain. In the continuous siege war, both sides also attach importance to the design and application of siege weapons. Later, the French army began to use gunpowder and artillery as weapons on a large scale and won, and it had a leading position in science and technology in these new weapons, which prompted a new form of war.