In the past, many historians thought that the struggle between Cao Shuang and Sima Yi represented the struggle between civilian landlords and clan landlords, which was not accurate. Cao Shuang is the son of Wei Zhen and the grandnephew of Cao Cao. Cao Shi has been as rich as an enemy since the Cao Teng brothers, Cao Renzu praised the satrap of Yingchuan, and his father was a loyal minister. Cao Hongding Shang Shu Ling Shu; Cao Xiuzu Wu Jun Taishou; Cao Cao and his descendants have many literary talents, and Cao Shi and Xiahou, relatives of Cao Wei, also have a high level of feudal culture. Plus, they are royalty, so they have already joined the WTO. If the rulers of Cao Wei do not represent clan interests in the first place, then why are clan landlords willing to support Cao Cao, why have Cao Wei rulers repeatedly granted clan landlords political privileges, and how to explain them? The reflection of Xia Houxuan, volume 9:
Xuan ... is less famous, and the weak crown is the assistant minister of the Yellow Gate. When tasting, I sat side by side with the queen's brother Mao Zeng. I'm ashamed and I don't like it. I'm so ashamed. Ming Taizu hates it.
It can be seen that Xia Houxuan has long regarded himself as a noble family, and he disdains to sit side by side with new noble, who was born in poverty. And Cao Shuang were killed by Sima Yi at the same time. Most of the faction leaders in Cao Shuang came from powerful families. Yan Zhiyan is the grandson of He Jin, a general of Han Dynasty. After his mother was occupied by Cao Cao, Yanhe also adopted Cao Cao, treating him like a son and respecting the Lord. Obviously, he is a figure closely related to the royal family in Cao Shi; Deng Kui, after Deng Yu, the founding father of the Eastern Han Dynasty; Ding Mi, father fee, is Cao Cao's "imperial army captain, always taking pictures inside and outside"; Father Bi Gui "is a captain of Jian 'an Electric Farm". Huan Fan's The World Is the Crown. Cao Shuang sent these main figures, only Huan Fan is a veteran, but his relationship with Cao Shuang is not "close", and the rest of the Yanhe, Deng Kui, Ding Mi and Bi Gui are all young people. Although they have a high cultural accomplishment, they only use knowledge to "repair glitz and create a false reputation." When Cao Rui was in power, these flashy teenagers were suppressed. Cao Shuang's administration, however, "is a reunion and centered". These teenagers, born in rich families, have never received the lessons of the peasant uprising, and are full of arrogance, extravagance and unreality. Shi Yan Deng Xiang is "a good man"; Country Garden is "in Bingzhou, named Jiaohao"; And "smug, static powder white don't go away, we'll see". When they seized power, they also plundered land and property. For example, under strict dictatorship, they divided Luo Yang and the Mulberry Garden of the Ministry of Agriculture of Yunnan, a wild king, into hundreds of hectares of rotten land, took the opportunity to steal official affairs, and sought counties because of their lives. As for Cao Shuang, as mentioned earlier, "Eating, drinking, and dressing are meant to take advantage of the scenery, enjoy the party, and satisfy his family" and "work as a cave house, relax around, and indulge in wine with the party and others." It is difficult to understand whether these people represent the more advanced landlords in the cloth. To be exact, Cao Shuang and others represent the flashy faction among the deeply corrupt royal family and clan landlords in Cao Shi.
Look at Sima Yi and others. This school includes Gao Rou, Liu Fang, Sun Zi, Sun Li, Wang Bi, Lu Yu, Yu Zhong and Fu Wei. Most of them are the elders of Cao Wei, who have made certain contributions to Cao Wei's economic and political undertakings, and their words and deeds are more practical. As mentioned above, Cao Shuang and others represent the gaudy faction among the corrupt Cao Wei royal family and the imperial clan landlords, while Sima Yi represents the meritorious faction among the imperial clan landlords since Cao Cao. The latter's work and style are more courageous and administrative efficiency is higher. It is no accident that it can win.
First of all, Sima Yi paid more attention to agricultural production. After Cao Cao moved Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty to Xudu, the wasteland was mainly built by the people. As for the large-scale sergeant reclamation, it was initiated by Sima Yi. Because the establishment of the military camp greatly reduced the government's supply of rations, we say that Sima Yi, not the descendants of Cao Zhi, inherited and implemented Cao Cao's policy of reclaiming farmland. We will discuss these issues later.
Politically, Sima's father and son did better than Cao Shuang's brothers. The Book of Jin (1) "Xuandi Ji" says: "Wei Mingdi is good at repairing the palace, making it magnificent and the people suffer. The emperor has returned from Liaodong, and there are still more than 10 thousand servants. It takes a thousand minutes to play, all of them are played, saving farmers, and the world is happy. " "Biography of the Three Kingdoms (Volume 9)" quoted Wei slightly as saying: "The generals who protect the chairman of the army and serve as the chief military attache have to pay bribes ... and King Jing (Sima's family) preached on behalf of them to rectify laws and regulations and the people did not commit crimes." According to the history books, Sima Yi's father and son Sima Shi and Si Mazhao successively took Zheng Weishi, and there was nothing disturbing the people and abusing the government. Although Sima Shi tried to usurp Cao Wei's political power and had to take some measures to buy people's hearts, it was always quite different from Cao Rui's great construction, disturbing people and hurting money. Besides, Sima Yi didn't just rely on clan. He promoted some young people with humble origins but practical abilities to important military and political positions. For example, once "farmers in Xiangcheng" and "court officials" Wargo and Shi Bao became generals who made great contributions to the fight against Shu and Wu because of Sima Yi's appreciation and promotion. For example, Zhou Tai, who is "contemporary in the state" with Wargo, was promoted so quickly by Sima Yi that he was ridiculed by Zhong You as "how can a beggar drive a car?" It can be seen that Sima Yi can make use of some people's intelligence. On the other hand, as a royal family and records, Cao Shuang promoted those truly capable "civilians"? Isn't he relying on and reusing such famous flashy buddies as Yanhe and Deng Yang? Therefore, in the struggle between the two factions, except for a few political opponents who are Sima Yi, most courtiers are willing to choose Sima Yi. Sima Yi's victory over Cao Shuang was by no means a conspiracy. Wang Guang, the younger brother of Sima Yi's political enemy, the tomb, once said:
Today, Cao Shuang lost his people because of arrogance, and Uncle Ping died in vain. Although Ding, Bi, Huan and Deng have no expectations, they are all fighting for the world. ..... So, although the potential is all over the world, the sound shocks the world. On that day, celebrities were halved, and the people were safe, not sad, and lost their people. Today, Sima Yi ..... uses talents, broadens trees to win over himself, and modifies the decrees of the former emperor (following the Cao Cao-style policy of worshipping merit), which is everyone's wish. Shuang is evil because he wants to change, stay up late and take care of the people first.
Later, when attacking Shu, Zhang Biao of Wu also said:
Although Cao Cao succeeded in covering the summer, the people were afraid of his power and didn't care about his virtue. Pi, Rui Chengzhi, heavy punishment and heavy service, driving things forward, no one is older than. Sima and his son were tired and made great contributions. In addition to their troubles and harshness, they also pay attention to their interests, pray for the Lord for them and save their suffering, which has long won the hearts of the people. So Huainan rebelled three times, but the abdomen did not disturb; Cao Mao's death did not move. Benevolent people do their best and do their best. He has a solid foundation and established tactics.
Sima Shi was able to destroy Shu, swallow Wu on behalf of Wei, and complete the cause of unifying China, precisely because Sima Shi had more achievements and higher administrative efficiency than the rulers of Wei, Shu and Wu.
Fourth, Sima's dictatorship and the elimination of resistance.
After Sima Yi killed Cao Shuang, Wei's central military and political power was completely in his hands. However, anti-Sima activities continue to occur. There are mainly the following points.
(1) Wang Ling is Wang Yun's nephew. At the beginning, the official was General Dong, and the holiday was Commander of Yangzhou Military Affairs. It is common to move back and ride a general. After Sima Yi's dictatorship, the tomb had a foolish and private discussion with his niece and Zhou Zhou's secretariat: They thought that young master Cao Fang was Sima Yi's puppet, so it would be better to establish an old and talented Cao Caozi-Chu as emperor and Xuchang as its capital. So he tricked me into sending someone to make an appointment with Wang Biao of Chu. But at this time, he died of illness, and the tomb was still stationed in Yangzhou by Sima Yichong with the title of Qiu, so the abolition of the tomb was put on hold.
In the spring of the third year of Jiaping (25 1), Wu Jun blocked the spread of water with a weir (in present-day Liuhe County, Jiangsu Province) in an attempt to flood Wei Jun south. The tomb therefore requested to send troops to attack the enemy, which was rejected by Sima Yi. The tomb sent general Yang Hong to inform Yanzhou secretariat Huang Hua that he wanted to change the dynasty. Wan Woo Wong and Yang Hong jointly tipped off Sima Yi. Sima Yi immediately personally led China's army to intercept Ling by water, first ordered the pardon of Ling's crimes, and then made Ling Ziguang tell Yuling to induce Ling to surrender. The army was built to a hundred feet (weir name, now northwest of Shenqiu, Henan Province), and Ling knew that he was helpless and had to take a boat to meet Yi. When Yi Jin arrived at Qiutou (now southeast of Shenqiu, Henan Province), Ling Mian was bound and pleaded guilty. Easy to send someone to untie him and comfort him. Later, 600 people were sent to send Ling back to Luoyang on foot. Lexus survived and died on the road. Yi arrived in Shouchun and failed to investigate the matter, all of which involved barbarians. In June, Wang Biao of Chu died. All the princes of Cao Wei were registered and placed in Yecheng, supervised by special personnel, and they were not allowed to associate with the outside world.
(2) Li Feng and his opposition to Sima Shi's failure made Li Feng and his son Yi famous at the age of seventeen or eighteen. During the period of Zhengshi, Li Feng was a servant of Shangshu and held an impartial attitude towards Cao Shuang and Sima Yi. In August of the third year of Jiaping (25 1), Sima Yi died, and his eldest son, Sima Shi, came to power, using Li Feng as the secretariat. Although Feng was favored by Sima Shi, he was strongly supported by others. Sister-in-law of her namesake son, Xuanhe Cao Shuang, lost power and influence because of her crushing defeat, and was often unhappy. The queen's father, Zhang Ji, was also very dissatisfied with Sima Shi's authoritarian power. Therefore, Li Feng became friends with Xia Houxuan and Zhang Ji. Feng was in Zhongshu for two years, and Shaodi called Feng into the court many times. Sima Shi knew that they were talking about themselves, so he called Li Feng for questioning. Feng refused to reveal the truth, so the division ordered the samurai to kill Feng with a knife. , Xuan, Ji was also accepted by Ting Wei, who attempted to hijack the young emperor and punish the general Sima Shi, all of which were barbarians.
(3) Abolish the young emperor Cao Fang and set up the Cao Mao incident in the aristocratic township. The young emperor Cao Fang was killed because of Li Feng and others. He wanted to get rid of Sima Shi, but he was afraid to take action. Sima Shi was also afraid of being wooed by the emperor, so he planned to abolish the emperor under the pretext of "the emperor was dissolute and vulgar, advocating Excellence" and threatened the Queen Mother Guo by her father Guo Zhi. Guo Zhi sat opposite the emperor in the rear and said to the emperor, "The general wants to abolish your majesty and make Pengcheng king." The emperor got up. The queen mother was unhappy and said, "I want to see the general." I have something to say. " Wisdom said, "see no evil! But when you take it quickly. " Sima Shi also sent someone to ask the Queen Mother to give King Cheng Peng a seal. The queen mother said, "King Cheng Peng, my uncle Ji is here today. What should I do? And Ming Chengzu should be the eternal heir? The noble township public, the grandson of Emperor Wen, and the disciple of Ming Di, the small imperial clan has the meaning of later biography, so discuss it in detail. " So Sima Shi discussed with the ministers and finally welcomed the noble township public as the emperor. Temminick is Cao Pizi's son, Wang Lin, who was appointed in Donghai at the age of fourteen.
(4) Wu and Wen Qin failed to arise in Huainan; Wen's secretariat in Yangzhou is rough and fierce, and Cao Shuang loves it because he is in the same town as Qin. Wen Qin, relying on the power of Cao Shuang, was arrogant and dominated the city. After Cao Shuang was killed, Wen Qin became suspicious. General Zhendong was not friendly to Xia Houxuan and Li Feng, but he was too thrifty and unsafe, so he was very kind to Wen Qin. These two people are so happy. No, Qiu Jianhe called it frugality, saying, "Great men live in Fang Yue, the country overturns, and Ran Yan is responsible for the whole world." Be frugal.
In the first month of the second year of Jacky (255), Wu and Wen Qin denounced Sima Shi in Shouchun. The thrifty envoy invited Zhuge Dan, the general of Zhennan, to cooperate with him so that he would not be beheaded. Jane and Qin generals crossed the Huai River with 50,000 to 60,000 soldiers, and reached the west (now northeast of Xiangcheng County, Henan Province). Be frugal, keep your belongings and be a ranger outside. Master Sima had just cut an eye tumor and was seriously injured. Because of the great importance, he still took the disease to the east and led Chinese and foreign troops to beg for thrift and respect. The next month, Sima Shi arrived? Bridge (now the west of Zhoukou City, Henan Province), Zhao Shi and Xu Li of Jianjiang surrendered one after another. At that time, JI Wang, the secretariat of Jingzhou, was a former army, and suggested to the teacher to whip up the whip and occupy "Nantun (now five miles west of Xiangcheng, Henan Province), a big house, and sufficient food for soldiers". Before the division agreed, JI Wang replied, "I will be in the army, and your orders will not be affected. Peter is profitable, so am I. It is said that there is a dispute over land, and Nanton is also. " So I went to Nanton. Frugality, etc. I also felt the importance of Nanton. They fought from one item to another for more than ten miles, and the first thing they got was to restore the items.
Soon, the Prime Minister of Wu led a title of generals in ancient times general Lv Zhi and left general Liu Zan to attack Shouchun. Sima Shi ordered all the troops to be deep and high, waiting for the troops of Qing, Xu and Yan to gather. The general invited him to attack, and the teacher said, "You know one thing, but you don't know the other. Huainan soldiers don't object to their ambitions, so they say they do everything near and far; On the day of the incident, Huaibei did not rebel ... and knew it would fail. The trapped beast thinks of fighting, and it is more in line with his ambition to do it quickly. Although the cloud will be overcome, it will hurt many people. And frugality deceives soldiers, and the deceit becomes infinite, small and lasting, and the deception reveals itself. This is also the art of defeating the enemy without fighting. " The division then sent Zhuge Dan to supervise the armies of Yuzhou to keep Shouchun from the wind; Hu Zun, Xu, the general of the Eastern Expedition, went to war between Qiaosong (now Suiyang, Henan) and got lost. He studied in Ruyang (now southwest of Shangshui County, Henan Province). Mother Qiu Jian and Wen Qin are not allowed to fight. They are afraid that Shouchun will be attacked. Because the general's family is in the north, people's hearts are divided, and the losers return to their owners. Only Huainan Xinfu has been used in agriculture.
At the beginning of Jian 'an Army, the imperial edict said Yanzhou was the secretariat of Wargo, and Ai cut its envoy. Ai led more than 10,000 soldiers to Lejiacheng (now northwest of Hunan Province) to build a pontoon bridge for teachers. Thrift made Wen Qin attack Ai, and he learned from Ruyang that he was sending troops to help Ai. Qin suddenly saw this army and was at a loss. Eighteen-year-old Yang, with great courage, hit people and said, "It's uncertain, but it can be broken." So they divided into two teams and attacked the divisions at night, leading the strong men to shout first. The division is disturbed, the division is frightened, and the disease is prominent. I am afraid that everyone will know and be bitten very painful. Before chi arrived at dawn, Yang led his troops back. Wen Qin, afraid of the success of dividing his troops, withdrew with Yang.
On that day, my mother heard that Qin was defeated, fearing that she would go out at night and the army would be defeated. Qin wubin. On the way to escape, Jian was killed by Zhang Shu in Anfengjin (now north of Huoqiu County, Anhui Province) and spread to the capital. Zhuge Dan marched into Shouchun with more than 100,000 people in the city. Afraid of punishment, they fled to Yamazawa; Or walk into Wu. Sima Shi took his birthday as the general of Zhendong, the third division of Yitong and the commander-in-chief of Yangzhou military affairs. Wu was defeated by three tribes, and more than 700 people in his team were imprisoned. Du You, an imperial envoy, ruled him, but in the first incident, more than 10 people were blamed and the rest were dismissed.
(5) Zhuge Dan failed to arise from Huainan. After Qiu Jian and Wen Qin failed to take up the army in Huainan, Sima Shi also died in Xuchang soon, and his brother Si Mazhao took the place of general, recording history. In the first year of Ganlu (256), Cao Taizu and Si Mazhao Jia Da were viceroy, playing nameless roles and pretending to be Huang Yue. Uncle Zhao Sima Fu was promoted to a teacher. Gao rou, the party of Sima family, also named Qiu, is stronger than his father and brother.
Zhuge Dan, Zhuge Liang's younger brother, is the governor of Yangzhou without Qiu Jian and a native of Yang Du, Langye County. He used to be an official minister, an imperial adviser, an official and an official. He made friends with Deng and gained a good reputation in the capital. Therefore, he also attracted the opposition of some senior ministers, who thought that Christmas was a "flashy name". Wei Mingdi also hates Christmas and so on, and is exempt from official imprisonment. Ming Di's death, Cao Shuang's ruling, Xia Houxuan's birthday, etc. all received attention. Christmas became a good friend, Xuan was killed, the tomb and Wu were destroyed one after another, and Christmas felt insecure, so he went bankrupt to help others. He also raised Qian Qian's thousands of relatives and Yangzhou chivalrous men as dead people. In the winter of the first year of Ganlu (256), Wu Jun came to Xu Kun. Si Mazhao estimated that Zhuge Dan had enough troops to resist. However, on his birthday, he still asked 100,000 troops to help guard Shouchun and build a city beside Huai River for Wu. In fact, he wants to strengthen himself. Zhao knew that the birthday boy had an infidelity. In May of the second year of Ganlu (257), it was common to return to the DPRK. Christmas letters, fear, so dispatch troops. Birthday first attacked and killed Lin Le, the secretariat of Yangzhou, and then assembled more than 100,000 officers and men in the northern wasteland of Huainan and 40,000 new scholars in Yangzhou to gather enough food for one year to stick to the Shouchun plan. He also sent Wu Gang, who has a long history, to ask for help with his little boy Jing. Wu Pai Quanzhou, Tangzi and other 30,000 soldiers came to save their birthday with Wen Qin.
In June, and Guo Empress Dowager arrived at Xiang's station. 260,000 troops from Zhaodu entered Tunqiutou (now southeast of Shenqiu, Henan Province), and Shouchun was surrounded by general Wang Jixing from Zhennan, general Yang from Zhendong, general Henan and general Anton. When Wang Jichu arrived, the city was not completely surrounded, and troops such as Wen Qin and Zhou Zhou had infiltrated into the city from the northeast. Soon, yi zhu, the general of the State of Wu, led 30,000 people into Tu Nanfeng (now southwest of Huoqiu, Anhui), echoing Wu Jun who entered the city. JI Wang, surrounded by the camp, is heavy on the outside and light on the inside, with a very steep barrier. Wen Qin and others attacked the city many times and were repelled. He also named Zhao as the general of Fenwu, Shi Bao, Secretariat, Hu Secretariat, and Yanzhou Secretariat, and took the military patrol as a sharp pawn to prevent the Wu people from coming to reinforce. Yi zhu and Zhou Tai fought, pursued and killed two thousand soldiers in Yangyuan (between Shouxian and Huoqiu).
In autumn and July, General Wu sent troops to camp in the Iron Pot (now northwest of Chao County, Anhui Province), and sent yi zhu and other five generals to rescue Shouchun's siege, which was broken by Shi Bao and Zhou Tai (now south of Shouxian County, Anhui Province). Hu Lie, the satrap of Mount Tai, attacked the capital with 5,000 raiders, burned up all kinds of food, and was suddenly short of food. He lived on Ge Ye and returned to Sun Chen. Chen and the aliens fought to the death to recover, and the aliens lacked food and disobeyed his life. Anger and anger are different. Si Mazhao knew Shouchun had been besieged for a long time, and the enemy's food would be a problem. So he sent back the enemy, threatening that people from Wu would come to help in the future, and the northern army was short of food. He sent troops to Gubei, but it was difficult to attack for a long time. Christmas and other news, if we relax the food quota, we will soon be short of food, but foreign aid will not come. So people in the city have been upset and worried.
In the spring of the third year of Ganlu (258), in the first month, Wen Qin tried his best to save food from the northerners, and insisted with the Wu people, not listening. Birthday and Qin Ben are not harmonious. First, he raped with tricks, and things became suspicious, and then he killed Qin. Yang Hucheng and the votes he cast across the city. Zhao pardoned Wen Qin, but instead of killing him, he sent hundreds of riders around the city and shouted, "The son of Wen Qin has not been killed, so why are the rest afraid!" The soldiers and civilians in the city were very happy when they heard about it. Si Mazhao personally surrounded, invaded in all directions, and at the same time clamored to enter the city. In February, the city was broken. Because of the anxiety about Christmas, the horse wanted to leave the town under his command. General Hu Fen's soldiers attacked and cut it down, killing three families.
Sima Shi showed his military strength and strategy to eliminate all kinds of resistance of the opposition, especially to pacify the war in Zhuge Dan, which was far superior to his opponents. So Sima Qian Wei, Shu Wu has become an irreversible trend.