① China's first modern newspaper, Chasecular Statistical Monthly, was officially founded in Malacca on August 5th, 2005 by British missionary Wilhelmj. Its basic task is to expound Christian doctrine.
② The first foreign language newspaper published in China, Xihua Newspaper, was founded in Macau by the then Portuguese ruling party.
(3) The first English newspaper in China: The Guangzhou Chronicle, founded by British businessman James James Matheson, is a commercial newspaper, but it also widely publishes current affairs news and comments.
④ Monthly Report of East-West Examination Statistics: the longest published newspaper in China.
Summary:
What these newspapers and periodicals have in common: expounding doctrines and propagating western culture.
2. During the First Opium War: (Hong Kong)
Background: After the First Opium War, China and Britain signed the "treaty of nanking" to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain.
Foreign language newspaper: the first English language newspaper published in Hong Kong.
Chen Debao is the longest and most influential newspaper in the history of Hong Kong.
Chinese newspaper: the earliest Chinese newspaper in Hong Kong.
Huashang Daily: Hongkong Bow Price Paper is the first business newspaper in China, the earliest economic newspaper, and the earliest Chinese newspaper printed on both sides of a page.
3. During the Second Opium War: (Shanghai)
Background: After the Second Opium War, China was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty with Britain and France, and Shanghai was forced to open a port for trade.
Foreign language newspaper: North China News, the first English newspaper in Shanghai.
Zilin Xibao is the oldest and most influential English newspaper in modern China.
Chinese newspaper: Liuhe Congtan is the first Chinese newspaper in Shanghai, which is not only religious, but also a comprehensive news periodical.
World Bulletin, the most influential Chinese religious newspaper in Shanghai, focuses on current affairs, especially those in China, and vigorously promotes Anglo-American trade and missionary activities beneficial to China.
Huashang Daily: Shanghai New Newspaper, the earliest commercial newspaper in Shanghai, was founded by North China Jiebao Museum and published by Zilin Foreign Firm.
Shen Bao 1872 was founded in Shanghai by British businessman Anasto Ernest Major. In the news industry, it is very real and timely to put news reports first. The development of Shenbao marks the maturity of China commercial newspapers in China.
News was established in Shanghai 1893 (North China Jiebao Pavilion was established).
Summary:
The historical role of foreign newspapers in China: 1. The activities of outsiders running newspapers in China are essentially a colonial cultural aggression.
2. Foreign newspapers in China objectively promote cultural exchanges between China and the West.
3. The experience of foreign newspapers in China laid the foundation for the development of ethnic newspapers in China.
The rise and development of newspaper activities in China:
1, before the Reform Movement of 1898: (by political faction)
(1) resistance of the landlord class:
Lin Zexu: The news materials copied and disseminated in Macau Newsprint have the nature of news dissemination, but they are more of a carrier of news dissemination and the earliest "translated newspaper" in China.
Wei Yuan: According to Lin Zexu's information, the Atlas of the Ocean was compiled, which is the first masterpiece written by China people in China to introduce the world.
(2) the peasant class:
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: A New Chapter of Minister Hong Rengan
(3) the early bourgeois reformists:
Wang Tao, the first professional journalist and early bourgeois reformist thinker, is known as "the father of China News". He founded the Circular Daily in Hongkong (the first political newspaper in China, which created the political style of modern newspapers in China), and his works were included in the Foreign Compilation of Garden Literature.
Zheng: Edited a monograph "Dangerous Words in the Prosperous Age"
④ Others: (by region)
Inland: The first newspaper founded by China people in China was Zhao Wenxin Newspaper founded by Ai Xiaomei in Hankou on August 8, 1873.
Coastal area: Hong Rong founded Shenbao (the first Chinese newspaper founded by Chinese in Shanghai) in Shanghai, and the other was New Newspaper.
Newspapers founded by Guangzhou people include Bao Shu, Guangbao and Lingnan Daily.
Summary:
1. The characteristics of the first batch of China newspapers are as follows: ① As far as the theme of running a newspaper is concerned, the identity of the founder is complicated.
(2) As far as the nature of running newspapers is concerned, except for a few newspapers, half of them are privately owned.
(3) In terms of newspaper content, these newspapers are supporters and propagandists of the Westernization Movement.
(4) From the political standpoint, these newspapers and periodicals showed distinct anti-aggression and love for the people.
⑤ In business work, most of these newspapers refer to the model of Chinese newspapers published by foreigners locally.
In the newspaper environment, these newspapers are in a very difficult situation.
The Reform Movement and the climax of the first private newspaper in China
Background: 1894 The Sino-Japanese War broke out and China was defeated. The Qing government was forced to sign the Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki. At the same time, the bourgeois reformists represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao set off a reform movement in China.
1, Kangliang
Beijing: 1895, 17 On August 7th, the World Bulletin was published in Beijing (the first newspaper founded by the bourgeois reformists in China, the organ of Qiangxue Society). In the same month, Kang Liang established a strong society in Beijing.
1895 12 16, World Bulletin was renamed as a Chinese and foreign periodical.
BACKGROUND: The political opinions of the reformists caused panic among the feudal diehard forces in Beijing, and Chinese and foreign periodicals and powerful societies were closed down. Kang Liang had to go south to publicize the new political proposition of reform and reform.
Shanghai: 1896 65438+ 10/2. Kang Youwei founded the Journal of Strong Society in Shanghai (organ of Shanghai Strong Society), and 1 month established the Strong Society.
1896 On August 9th, Liang Qichao founded The Times in Shanghai.
2. Other major reformist newspapers and periodicals: (by region)
South China: Intimate Treasure, founded by Kang Youwei in Macau.
② Central China: Xiangxuehai New Newspaper and (founded by Tang and Tan Sitong).
③ North China: The National Newspaper, founded by Yan Fu in Tianjin.
Summary:
1. The climax of the first private newspaper in China is characterized by: ① numerous newspapers and periodicals.
(2) The newspaper area is wide. During the reform movement, China people ran newspapers all over the country.
③ There are many kinds of newspapers and periodicals. In addition to the rapid development of comprehensive newspapers and periodicals focusing on political opinions, there are also professional newspapers and periodicals, pure commercial newspapers and periodicals, literary and entertainment newspapers and periodicals, newspapers and periodicals marked by youth, women and children, and vernacular newspapers and periodicals.
2. The first climax of mainstream newspapers in China:
(1) Its mainstream form has always been a political newspaper sponsored by reformists to promote political reform and reform.
② From the way of running a newspaper, the reformists started from the general idea of "enlightening the people" and "cultivating talents", and closely combined running a newspaper, the school meeting and the school hall to form a "trinity" organizational form.
3. A powerful attempt of modern news legislation;
Kang Youwei and other reformist thinkers' demands for modern news legal system based on freedom of speech have solved the first page of the construction of modern news legal system in China.
(1) Break through "prohibition" and "prohibition" and strive for freedom of speech and publication (a key step)
(2) After the reform, Emperor Guangxu issued several imperial edicts to further support and encourage officials, gentry and people to establish modern newspapers and periodicals; The Tax Exemption Policy of Books and Accelerating the Priority Development of National Newspapers in China
4. The characteristics of reformist newspapers in news business:
(1) created a new newspaper political style. ("Newspaper style" refers to a relatively popular and simple style in newspapers now, which is different from the ancient prose of Tongcheng School. This style first appeared in Wang Tao's Circular Daily, and Liang Qichao used it best. When published in Current Affairs, it is called "current affairs style" and when published in Xinmin Cong Bao, it is called "current affairs style". Its characteristics are: semi-written, easy-going, often emotional, sometimes with spoken and foreign words.
② Comments are included in news reports. (In fact, it is a supplement to political articles in newspapers and periodicals. )
③ The editing work has been improved. (The format, content and title of the article have been improved)
④ Pay attention to news interview. There have been some timely, concrete and vivid news reports.
⑤ Use news pictures to cooperate with news reports. (The first news picture of China Modern Newspaper i 1884, Narrative. )
5. The role and contribution of reformists in running newspapers in the history of China journalism;
(1) gave readers the enlightenment education of bourgeois ideas. Advocate bourgeois new culture, advocate revolution, praise ideas such as freedom, equality and natural human rights, introduce evolution theory, and criticize stale feudal ideology and culture.
② Educate readers on nationalism and patriotism. The newspaper propaganda of the reformists has always been permeated with strong patriotic enthusiasm, which is manifested in clear nationalism and national concept, and safeguarding national independence and national sovereignty.
(3) The publication and publicity activities of the reformists strongly promoted the development of the reform movement and contributed to the realization of the political reform.
(4) Breaking through the feudal rulers' restrictions on newspaper publishing.
⑤ It has set a precedent for politicians to run newspapers and improved the social status of journalists and newspapers.
⑥ Promoted the development of modern national journalism.