Ancient humans in China

First, Yuanmou people

1. The earliest known human being in China is Yuanmou, which was discovered in Yuanmou, Yunnan about 1.7 million years ago.

Second, Beijingers.

1, Beijingers (about 700,000-200,000 years ago) are primitive humans living in Zhoukoudian, Beijing.

2. Beijingers have been able to walk upright, they have been able to make stone tools, and they have used natural fires.

3. Neanderthals have been able to make fires manually.

Lesson 2 scattered tribal settlements

I Banpo settlement (Yellow River Basin)

1, early human settlements, commonly known as settlements.

The most representative ones are Banpo settlement in the Yellow River basin and Hemudu settlement in the Yangtze River basin.

2. A relatively fixed social group formed by blood relationship is called clan.

3. Banpo settlement about 6000 years ago.

4. Planting millet in Banpo settlement.

China is one of the earliest countries to grow millet in the world.

5. During Banpo settlement, the main utensils in people's daily life were pottery.

6. The architectural structure of Banpo settlement: semi-crypt type.

Second, Hemudu settlement (Yangtze River basin)

1, Hemudu settlement, about 7000 years ago, is the representative of clan settlement in the Yangtze River basin.

2. Planting rice in Hemudu settlement.

China is one of the earliest countries to grow rice in the world.

3. The housing structure of Hemudu settlement: dry column type.

Gan Lan architecture has always been one of the main architectural forms in the south of the Yangtze River.

Lesson 3 the dawn of civilization in the legendary era

First, Emperor Yan and the Yellow Emperor

1, Yan Di and Huangdi are tribal alliance leaders in the Yellow River Basin.

Yandi, known as Shennong, is the founder of primitive agriculture and medicine in China.

The Yellow Emperor made palaces, vehicles, ships, weapons and clothes, and asked his subordinate officials to invent characters, calendars, arithmetic and music.

Yandi and Huangdi are honored as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation.

Second, Yao Shun's "abdication"

1. The method of electing the leader of the tribal alliance was later called "abdication".

(abdication system)

Third, Dayu harnessed water.

Yu succeeded in harnessing water and was known as "Dayu".

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Lesson 5 Changes of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

First, the Xia Dynasty's "home on earth"

1, about 2 1 century BC, our ancient society entered the era of civilization.

2. Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, the first country in the history of China, with Yangcheng as its capital.

3. After Xia Qi inherited his father's throne, the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system.

Second, Shang Tang destroyed the summer.

1, about 1300 BC, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved to Yin (Pan Geng moved to Yin).

2. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, Shang Dynasty was one of the largest countries in the world at that time.

Third, the prince of Wu attacked.

In BC 1 year and BC 1046, Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty with Haojiang as its capital, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.

2. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, tiles were used in architecture.

Lesson 6 Society and State in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

First, the Western Zhou Dynasty enfeoffment system

1, an important political system in the Western Zhou Dynasty: the enfeoffment system.

2. In Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, social class was distinguished by blood relationship.

Lesson 7 Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period and Seven Chivalrous Men in the Warring States Period

First, Qi Huangong is dominant.

1 and 770 BC-476 BC are the spring and autumn periods in the history of China.

2. Five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang.

3. Among the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Huangong was the first tyrant.

Qi Henggong appointed Guan Zhong as Prime Minister.

4. Qi Henggong actively carried out foreign activities and put forward the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries".

5. In 65 BC1year, Qi Huangong held a waiting meeting in Kwai Qiu, officially becoming the overlord of the Central Plains.

Second, win the Central Plains.

1, Chu is a big country in the south, expanding to the Central Plains and meeting Jin. The two countries fought in Chengpu, and Jin became the overlord of the Central Plains.

2. Chu Zhuangwang marched north to the Central Plains, defeated the State of Jin, and Chu Zhuangwang became the overlord.

Third, unite Lian Heng.

1, 475-22 BC1years ago, were all in the Warring States period in history.

2. The Seven Heroes of the Warring States refer to Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han.

3. The alliance of the six countries of North and South, which is called "alliance" with anti-Qin; Qin made use of the contradictions among the six countries to make friends, attack from afar and divide them one by one. It was called "Lian Heng".

Lesson 8 Social Change Caused by Iron Niu Geng

First, from thousands of households to individual farming.

1. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, people usually cultivated collectively in aristocratic fields. In ancient books, this large-scale collective farming was described as "coupling thousands of crops".

2. In the Spring and Autumn Period, ironware began to be widely used in agricultural production, and individual production became possible. History books record this period as "late work".

Second, Shang Yang's political reform and the rise of Qin.

In BC 1 and 356, the State of Qin began to reform (Shang Yang Reform).

2. The purpose of Shang Yang's political reform is to enrich Qiang Bing.

3. The main contents of Shang Yang's political reform:

Prepare household registration and strengthen punishment.

Reward production.

Reward soldiers.

Admit that land is private.

Implement the county system.

Unified measurement.

4. The historical significance of Shang Yang's political reform;

After the political reform, Qin became rich and powerful, and its national strength increased greatly, which laid a solid foundation for the annexation of the six countries in the future.

Lesson 9 Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bronzes

First, the words carved on tortoise shells and animal bones.

1, China has a written history, which began in Shang Dynasty.

Second, the world-famous bronzes.

1. Bronze is an alloy of copper, tin and lead.

2. The Muswuding unearthed in Shang Dynasty is the largest bronze ware found in the world.

3. The words engraved on the bronze ware are called inscriptions, also called inscriptions.

Active thinking and a hundred schools of thought contend

First, Confucius

1. Confucius is a great thinker and the founder of Confucianism.

His main ideas are "benevolence" and "courtesy".

2. Confucius is a great educator.

He founded a private school to encourage students to think independently and dare to stick to correct opinions.

After the death of Confucius, his disciples included his remarks in The Analects.

Second, a hundred schools of thought contend.

1. A hundred schools of thought contend: Representatives of different political and ideological factions in society have put forward different opinions on various issues, and a number of academic masters with pioneering contributions have emerged, forming a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend.

Historically, different schools of thought in this period were called "a hundred schools of thought contend".

2. Master the names of various schools (Mohism, Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism) and their representatives.

The wisdom and creation of ancestors

First, Dujiangyan for the benefit of the future

1, Dujiangyan (Warring States Period): A large-scale water conservancy project built by Li Bing and his son in Minjiang River Basin.

2. Dujiangyan is composed of "water-separating fish mouth", "flying weir" and "treasure bottle mouth".

Second, the magic bell.

1, bronze bell is a musical instrument used by periodic nobles in sacrificial ceremonies, banquets and other activities.

2. chime: in ancient times, several bronze bells were often combined into a set. They have the same shape and different sizes, so they are called chimes.

Unit 3 Unified Qin and Han Empire

The rise and fall of Qin empire

First, "Qin Wang Sweeps Liuhe"

1 The Battle of Changping (Qin-Zhao): In 260 BC, Qin defeated the most powerful Zhao army among the six eastern countries in the Battle of Changping.

(Related idiom: On paper)

2. In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China.

(China achieved great reunification for the first time in history)

3. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, the State of Qin successively annexed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi to establish the Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital, and Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, claimed to be the first emperor.

4. Historical significance of Qin's unification: Qin's unification ended the long-term separatist war between vassal states since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and pushed the history of China to a brand-new stage.

Second, Chen Guang Uprising

3. Time: 209 BC.

4. Location: osawa Town.

5. The regime established during the uprising: Zhang Chu regime.

6. The Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng was the first large-scale peasant war in the history of China, which dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Qin Dynasty.

7. Related idioms: Battle of the Giant Deer-Cross the rubicon

Third, the Chu-Han War (Xiang Yu-Liu Bang)

1, hongmen banquet

2, Xiang Yu-no face to see Jiangdong's elders.

Qin Shihuang's measures to establish centralization

First, abolish enfeoffment and establish counties (politically)

1, in the central, set the prime minister, Qiu, suggestion.

2. At the local level: establish a county system.

The sheriff is called the sheriff, and the sheriff is called the county magistrate.

Second, cars are on the same track, so are books (economically).

1, unified writing, currency, weights and measures

2. Qin Shihuang stipulated Xiao Zhuan as the standard text.

3. Qin Shihuang stipulated that the currency of Qin State was round square hole money as the standard currency.

Three, the huns, the Great Wall (military)

1, Qin Changcheng: Lintao in the west and Liaodong in the east, with a total length of more than 10,000 li.

Qin Changcheng was built on the basis of Yan, Zhao and Qin Changcheng.

)

Fourth, burning books to bury Confucianism (ideological aspect)

1, Qin Shihuang adopted Li Si's suggestion and burned books to bury Confucianism.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promoted the unified pattern.

First, oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone.

1 year, in 202 BC, Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu) proclaimed himself emperor, established the Han Dynasty, and made Chang 'an its capital, which was known as the Western Han Dynasty in history.

2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and implemented the policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".

Second, weaken the power of sealing the country and issue a "favor order."

1 year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Zhu's suggestion and promulgated the Order of Tui En.

Third, strengthen the supervision system.

1, set a team leader in the center.

2. At the local level, a secretariat was established (13).

Exploring the Western Regions and the Silk Road in Qin and Han Dynasties

First, the relationship between the Central Plains Dynasty and Xiongnu.

1, Qin Shihuang sent Meng Tian to lead a 300,000-strong army to the northern expedition of Xiongnu and recover the Hetao area.

2. The pro-Qin policy of the Western Han Dynasty: Zhaojun entered the fortress.

Second, Zhang Qian communicated with the western regions.

1, Zhang Qian's first mission to the western regions.

① Time: BC 138.

⑵. Purpose: To unite Da Yue to attack Xiongnu.

2. Zhang Qian's second mission to the Western Regions (BC 1 19).

3. Western Regions Collection:

① Time: 60 BC.

(2) Significance: The establishment of the western regions' capital protection office is the beginning of Xinjiang's formal inclusion in the central jurisdiction.

4. Silk Road (the land passage across Europe and Asia)

(1) The starting point of the Silk Road: Chang 'an

(2) Where the Silk Road passes: from Chang 'an to Hexi Corridor, which is now Xinjiang, to Central Asia, West Asia and Europe.

(3) The final destination of the Silk Road: Europe.

(4) Why is it called the Silk Road?

Because China's exquisite silk is the most transported commodity on this traffic line.

)

5], the main commodities of economic exchanges on the Silk Road:

Spread to the west: silk products, iron smelting, sinking, paper making and other technologies.

(China)

East: fur, bloody horses, melons and fruits, Buddhism, magic, music, dance, sculpture, etc.

Advanced science and technology

First, the invention and improvement of papermaking

Before the invention of papermaking, bamboo slips and silks were usually used as writing materials.

2. In the early Western Han Dynasty, people invented papermaking.

(One of four great inventions of ancient china)

3. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking.

The paper improved by Cai Lun is called "Cai Hou Paper".

In the 3rd-4th century, the use of paper was quite common in China.

Second, "medical sage" Zhang Zhongjing and "imperial doctor" Hua Tuo

1, Zhang Zhongjing was an outstanding physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Zhang Zhongjing is the author of Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases, and later generations respectfully call him a "medical sage".

2. Hua Tuo developed the whole body "Ma Fei San" and successfully performed laparotomy, which is a pioneering work in the history of world medicine.

Known as the "imperial doctor."

Third, "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic"

1 and Chapter 9 sum up the mathematical achievements from Qin Zhou to Han Dynasty, and also sum up the negative number operation and the solution of quadratic equation in one variable.

2. The appearance of "Nine Chapters Arithmetic" marks the formation of a mathematical system centered on calculation in ancient China.

3. Zhou Kuai Shu Jing (Western Han Dynasty) first put forward Pythagorean Theorem, about 500 years earlier than the West.

Prosperous culture

First, the rise of Oriental Buddhism and Taoism

1, Buddhism

Buddhism originated in ancient India.

(2) Buddhism was introduced into the Central Plains of China through the Silk Road at the end of the Western Han Dynasty.

(3) The White Horse Temple, the first Buddhist temple in China.

(4) Buddhist teachings: Buddhism advocates the cycle of life and death, karma, and thinks that life is painful. Only by enduring all the pain at present and practicing Buddhism can we get happiness in the afterlife.

5. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Buddhism spread among the people.

2. Taoism

(1) Taoism, born in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is a local religion in China.

(2) After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ideological field gradually formed a situation in which Confucianism dominated and Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism coexisted and complemented each other.

Second, Sima Qian and Historical Records

Historical Records written by Sima Qian is the first biographical general history in the history of China.

2. "Historical Records" contains 130 articles, with more than 520,000 words, describing the main historical events from the legendary Huangdi to the Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty for about 3,000 years.

Third, the mighty underground army array.

1, the world-famous Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is one of the outstanding representatives.

Lesson 20 The Formation of the Three Kingdoms

First, Cao Cao unified the North.

1. In the melee of warlords, Cao Cao gained the favorable position of "holding the emperor to make the princes".

In 2.200, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao and won the battle of Guandu.

The battle of Guandu laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.

Second, the three countries split.

1 In 208, Cao Jun fought with Sun Quan and Liu Bei, and the famous Battle of Red Cliffs broke out.

2. Battle of Red Cliffs (a famous battle of winning more with less in history) laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

3. The Three Kingdoms: In 220, Cao Pi established the State of Wei, with Luoyang as its capital.

In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu and established Shu state.

In 222, Sun Quan became king, with the title of Wu and the capital of Jianye.

Southern economic development

First, the population moved to the south.

1, Qin and Han dynasties, China's economic center of gravity in the north.

2. During the Western Han Dynasty, most of the population in China was distributed in the Yellow River Basin.

3. The reason why the northern population began to move south: fleeing the war.

4. After the northern immigrants went south, they mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and some immigrants arrived in Lingnan area.

Related Idiom: Zu Ti —— Smelling chickens dancing.

Second, the Battle of Feishui-a famous battle in history to win more with less.

1, Eastern Jin (victory)-Former Qin (defeat).

2. Related idioms: Every grass and tree is a soldier, and the wind is full of fear.

Third, the economic development of Jiangnan.

1. Agriculture: Wheat and rice are widely planted in the south of the Yangtze River, and double-cropping rice is planted in the south of Wuling Mountain.

2. Silk industry: Shu brocade in the Three Kingdoms period.

3. Metallurgical industry: invented the method of pouring steel.

4. Porcelain industry: celadon.

5. City: Jiankang.

In 6.230, Sun Quan sent another man (Wei Wen) to sail to Yizhou.

Lesson 22 racial integration in the north

First, the migration of ethnic minorities in border areas.

The ethnic minorities who moved in mainly included Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jieertie, Biandi and Qiang, collectively known as "Wuhu".

Second, the Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen's measures to promote national integration

1. The Tuoba Department of Xianbei nationality established the State of Wei, with Pingcheng as its capital, which was called Northern Wei in history.

2. The reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty:

(1) moved the capital to Luoyang (from Pingcheng to Luoyang).

(2) Implement the policy of sinicization: change Hanfu, learn Chinese, adopt Han surname, and advocate intermarriage with Han people.

Lesson 23 Technology Leads the World

First, Zu Chongzhi and Pi

1, Zu Chongzhi, a famous scientist in Southern Dynasties.

Zu Chongzhi is the first person in the world to calculate the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point.

About 1000 years earlier than Europeans.

(The value of pi is between 3.1415926-3.1415927).

Second, with Qi Shu

1. Jia Sixie was a famous agronomist in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and he wrote The Book of Qi Yao Min.

2. The Book of Qi Yao Min is China's first complete agricultural work.

Thirdly, Li Daoyuan and Notes on Water Classics.

1, Li Daoyuan, an outstanding geographer in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The main work Zhu

2. From the Notes on Shuijing, we know that China is the first country in the world to know how to use oil resources.

Lesson 24 Colorful Artistic Achievements

I. Wang Xizhi, the "Book Sage"

1, Wang Xizhi, a famous calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, whose masterpiece is Preface to Lanting.

2. Wang Xizhi's calligraphy has the reputation of "flowing, agile as a dragon".

3. Wang Xizhi was honored as a "book saint" by later generations.

Second, Gu Kaizhi and painting

1. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Gu Kaizhi, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, achieved the highest artistic achievement in painting.

2. Gu Kaizhi's representative works include A History of Women and A Picture of Luoshen.

(The works are mainly figure paintings)

Third, the grotto art.

1. Grotto art develops with the spread of Buddhism.

2. Famous Grottoes Art: Yungang Grottoes (Datong, Shanxi) Longmen Grottoes (Luoyang, Henan)