First of all, the big dipper
Shu Tian 1
Constellation: Alpha Ursa major (Shu Tian, Hungry Wolf).
Western name: Dubch
Bayer letter: Alpha Ursa major
Apparent magnitude: 1.79 and so on.
Absolute magnitude: 0.2, etc
Location (year J2000.0):
Right ascension:11h03m43.70s.
Declination:+6145' 03.2 "
Height: 54 12' 33 "
Azimuth: 048 49' 51"
U2000: Chart 24, Volume 1
Transfer: 04h 33m 1 1s
Distance: 124 2 light years
Brightness: 18 1 7 x solar luminosity.
2. Tian Xuan
Constellation: Beta Ursa major (Tian Xuan, Giant Gate).
Western name: Melak
Bayer letter: beta Ursa major
Value: 2.40
Location (year J2000.0):
Right ascension:11h01m50.49s.
Declination:+56 22' 56.6 "
Height: 52 25 ft 3 1 inch
Azimuth: 057 19' 13 "
U2000: Chart 46, Volume 1
Transfer: 04h 3 1m 18s.
Distance: 79.4 1. 1 light year
Brightness: 55.2 1.6 x solar luminosity.
3. Tianqi
Constellation: Ursa Major γ (Scorpio, Lucun Star)
Western name: Phecda
Bayer letter: gamma Ursa major
Value: 2.50
Location (year J2000.0):
Right ascension:11h53m49.83s.
Declination:+53 41'41.1"
Height: 44 feet 38 inches 39 inches
Azimuth: 055 15' 46 "
U2000: Chart 47, Volume 1
Transit time: 05 hours, 23 minutes and 09 seconds
Distance: 83.7 1.4 light years
Brightness: 59.0±2.0 x the brightness of the sun.
4. Tianquan
Constellation: Ursa Major δ (Tian Quan, Wenquxing).
Western name: May Gorez
Bayer alphabet: Ursa Major Delta
Value: 3.40
Location (year J2000.0):
Right ascension:12h15m25.57s.
Declination: +57 0 1' 57.3 "
Height: 43 59 ft 16 in.
Azimuth: 048 59' 49 "
U2000: Chart 47, Volume 1
Transfer: 05h 44m 4 1s
Distance: 8 1.4 1.2 light years
Brightness: 24.4 0.7 times that of the sun.
5. Yuheng
Constellation: Ursa Major ε (Yuheng, Lian Zhenxing)
Western name: Aliot
Bayer letter: Ursa major ε
Magnitude: 1.77
Location (year J2000.0):
Right ascension:12h54m01.76s.
Declination:+55 57' 35.6 "
Height: 39 feet 06 inches 28 inches
Azimuth: 045 49' 31"
U2000: Chart 48, Volume 1
Transfer: 06h 23m 1 1s
Distance: 80.9 1.2 light years
Brightness: 98.7±3.0 x the brightness of the sun.
6. Kaiyang
Constellation: Ursa Major ζ (Kaiyang, Wu Quxing)
Western name: Mizard
Bayer letter: zeta Ursae Majoris
Value: 2.40
Location (year J2000.0):
Right ascension:/kloc-0 13H23M55.55s
Declination:+54 55' 31.4 "
Height: 35 17' 26 "
Azimuth: 043 1 1' 00 "
U2000: Chart 48, Volume 1
Distance: 78.2 1. 1 light year
Brightness: 60.2 1.7 x solar luminosity.
Kaiyang gain satellite
Constellation: Ursa Major 80 (Kaiyang Zengyi, auxiliary star)
West Name: Alcaud
Magnitude: 3.95
Location (year J2000.0):
Right ascension:13h25m13.7s.
Declination:+54 59'16.8 "
U2000: Chart 48, Volume 1
Distance: 8 1. 15 light years
Spectrum: A5V-SB
It is recorded in Historical Records Tianguan Book: "The auxiliary stars are bright and close, and the auxiliary ministers are strong; Weak. " [4]? "Jin Shu Tian Wenzhi": "The auxiliary star is rich in Kaiyang, so the auxiliary war is successful, and so is the prime minister. Seven political stars are bright, their country is prosperous, and they are auxiliary stars, so the minister is strong. " Song He? "Chun Zhu's story: the stone color is sky blue, the thin pool contains seven stars, arranged like a bucket, and the auxiliary stars are in the clouds. Because the purpose is to fight for the stars. " He Jingming's "Blame" in the Ming Dynasty: "It also made Beidou shake the discipline, and it was assisted by the stars."
Kaiyang is a famous binary star. Its companion star (Xiong 80) was named "Fu" in ancient China, with an angular distance of 1 1'49 "and a brightness of 3.95. The ancient army used this pair of binary stars to test soldiers' eyesight, which was used by both Chinese and foreign armies.
The auxiliary star Ursa Major 80 is the companion star of Ursa Major (Kaiyang), also known as Zuo Fu. Many people use this auxiliary star to measure their eyesight. 7. Shake the light (Eta Ursa major)
Constellation: Ursa Major.
Western name: Alkaid/Benetnasch
Bayer letter: Eta Ursae Majoris
Magnitude: 1.86
Location (year J2000.0):
Right ascension:/kloc-0 13H47M32.44s
Declination: +49 18' 48. 1 "
Height: 28 feet 42 inches 54 inches
Azimuth: 044 29' 36 "
U2000: Chart 49, Volume 1
Transfer: 07h 16m 33s
Distance: 10 1 2 light years
Brightness: 14 1 6 x solar luminosity.
Second, the constellation orientation
The Big Dipper is a part of Ursa major. Graphically, the Big Dipper is located at the tail of Ursa Major. Six of these seven stars are secondary stars, and 1 is tertiary. Through the connection of the two stars in the mouth of the bucket, it extends about 5 times in the direction of the mouth of the bucket and finds the Polaris. "Star Recognition Song" has: "Star recognition begins with Beidou, and then begins from north to west." Beginners can look for other constellations in turn from the Big Dipper. The seven stars of Ursa Major are arranged in the shape of a spoon. The ancients attached great importance to Beidou because it can be used to identify the direction and set the season.
Shu Tian, Tian Xuan, Tianji and Tian Quan are the four stars that make up the Big Dipper, and the three stars with handles are Yuheng, Kaiyang and Yaoguang respectively. The star in the center of the handle is called "Kaiyang", and there is a fourth-order companion star called "auxiliary star" at the distance of 1 1. Kaiyang and the auxiliary star form an optical binary star, which can be recognized by naked eyes. Kaiyang and auxiliary stars are also physical binaries visible to the naked eye all day.
In different seasons, the position of the Big Dipper in the night sky before midnight is different. Therefore, ancient China people determined the four seasons according to its position change. "Shi Gan Jing Jing": "Beidou is called the Seven Houses, the Minister of the Emperor, and the Emperor Car." The emperor sat on the Big Dipper and inspected the four directions, and it was cold and hot at four o'clock. The ancient book "Guo Guanzi" records: "Dou Dong refers to human spring; Fighting in the south and fighting in the north, the world is summer; Fighting against the west means that the world is autumn; The northern war is the winter in the world. " In ancient times, Polaris was regarded as the symbol of Emperor Tian, and Beidou was the imperial chariot that Emperor Tian drove when he toured the world. A year begins in spring, when the Beidou is in the east and the Emperor of Heaven begins to patrol from the east, so the Book of Changes says, "The Emperor is surprised, but the divination is in the east."
The arched area where the Big Dipper is located is the political center of Chinese society. In The Book of Songs, "Dou" is a tool for scooping wine, which Sima Qian called "Dou is the emperor's car" and became the car for the Emperor of Heaven. Beidou can be used to determine the direction. From the relative position of Beidou and Polaris, we can find the true north direction. Beidou bucket handle can also be used to judge seasons. The book Guanzi, written during the Warring States Period, said: "The barrel handle points to the east, and the world is spring; Bucket handle guide, the world is summer; Bucket handle refers to the west, and the world is autumn; Bucket handle refers to the north, and it is winter in the world. " .
Among the Big Dipper, "Yuheng" is the brightest, and its brightness is almost close to the first-class star. "Tianquan" is the blackest and is a third-class star. The other five are all second-class stars. There is a small companion star named Fu near Kaiyang, which has always attracted people's attention with its beautiful and clear appearance. It is said that ancient Arabs used it as a "test star" to test soldiers' eyesight when recruiting soldiers.
The Big Dipper always moves slowly in the sky. Five of them move in one direction at roughly the same speed, while Shu Tianhe and Ursa Major Eta move in the opposite direction. Therefore, in the long cosmic changes, the shape of the Big Dipper will change greatly. After 654.38+ million years, we will not see this handle shape.
The Big Dipper is also called "Beidou" for short. Seven bright stars arranged in a barrel not far from the north celestial pole. All six stars are second-class except delta, which is a third-class star. Polaris can be found by connecting the first two stars of the Big Dipper and extending it to the mouth of the Big Dipper for about five times, which is usually used as a sign to indicate the direction and identify the constellation. In addition, according to the bucket handle curve of the Big Dipper, after drawing an arc, you will meet arcturus, which is one of the 2 1 bright stars, that is, the alpha star of the constellation Capricorn.
Ancient names include Wolf-greedy, Giant Gate, Lucun, Wen Qu, Lian Zhen, Wu Qu, Pojun, Zuo Fu and Youbi.
Three. Introduction:
Beidou consists of Shu Tian, Tian Xuan, Tianji, Tianquan, Yuheng, Kaiyang and Yaoguang. The ancient Han people associated these seven stars together and imagined them as barrels of ancient wine. Shu Tian, Tian Xuan, Tian Ji and Tianquan are composed of Dou Shen and Gu Yue Kui. Yuheng, Kaiyang and Yaoguang are composed of bucket handle, which was called Piao in ancient times.
The Big Dipper appears in different directions in the sky in different seasons and at different times at night, so the ancients decided the seasons according to the direction pointed by bucket handle at the beginning of fainting: bucket handle refers to the east, and the world is spring; Bucket handle guide, the world is summer; Bucket handle refers to the west, and the world is autumn; The barrel handle refers to the north, and it is winter all over the world. The Big Dipper is named α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η respectively from the upper end of the bucket to the end of bucket handle. In ancient times, Han astronomers called them Shu Tian, Tian Xuan, Tianji, Tianquan, Yuheng, Kaiyang and Yaoguang respectively. A straight line from Tian Xuan runs through Shu Tian, which is about five times as long as it. You can see a star as bright as the Big Dipper, which is the North Star.
The original meaning of the word "Beidou" refers to a group of stars (star officials) near the North Pole in the northern night sky, which looks like bucket spoons for scooping water, hence the name. Corresponding to the low latitude "Nandou" star (in equatorial coordinate system). The naming age of the Big Dipper was in the middle and late Neolithic Age. In the Paleolithic Age, there was no special equipment for scooping water. We noticed that the bucket is a special device for scooping water, which is closely related to water. The "water" of the "five elements" coincides with the north. Therefore, the naming of "Beidou" should be in the same period as the appearance of the concept and theory of "Five Elements". The name of Beidou must be a resident in the middle latitude (30-40 degrees north latitude). Because Beidou is invisible to the tribes near the equator, it can't be used as a reliable time indicator. The name of Beidou should be farming people. Because the bucket handle of Beidou can indicate the season (Beidou refers to the East, and the world is spring; Beidou guide, the world is summer; Beidou refers to the west, and the world is autumn; Beidou refers to the north, and the world is winter). When the Big Dipper was named, the son of heaven might have appeared. Because Beidou revolves around the North Pole, this implies the concept of "the emperor is in the middle of the world (living in the North Pole)".
Four, historical records and legends:
China is one of the countries with the earliest development of astronomy in the world. The observation of the Big Dipper has been recorded for a long time, but the most complete record of the name of the Seven Stars is only found in Shu Wei in Han Dynasty. At first, there were two names, one of which was recorded in the Book of Dou Yun in the Spring and Autumn Period. Yue: "The first, the second spin, the third age, the fourth power, the fifth balance, the sixth sun and the seventh light. The first to the fourth is the first, and the fifth to the seventh are the goals. Let's fight together. " After the formation of Taoism, Beidou was regarded as a god and made various theological explanations.
"Seven Signs of the Cloud" Volume 24 "Talking about Stars" Cloud: The first star of the seven stars "is called Shu Tian, and the soul and god are in World War II; The second star is called Tian Xuan, and the soul fights with God. The third star is called secret, and the spirit is in the second battle; The fourth star is called Tianquan, and she is in good spirits. The fifth star is Yuheng, and the spirit fights twice; The sixth star is called Kaiyang, and the spirit fights for the second time; The seventh star is called Yaoguang. At the same time, it is also said that Beidou has nine planets and is the god of nine emperors. It is called "Beidou nine planets, seven seeing (now) and two hiding".
"Seven Stars Cloud" Volume 24 "The Nine Planets of the Big Dipper" Cloud: "Huang Lao Jing" Cloud: Shu Tianxing, headed by Beidou, is the soul of Yangming Star; The next day, the star will be the soul of the Yin essence star. On the third day, the star will be brilliant; On the fourth day, the right star, then the spirit of the mysterious star is also fine; The fifth jade star is the spirit of Dan Yuanxing; Sixth? #93; Yangxing is the spirit of Polaris; The seventh light star, then the soul of the star is Daming. "
(Eighth, the Nine Planets are omitted) Then, "River Map Lu Bao" is quoted to describe the surname taboos and responsibilities of the nine planets. The name of the Big Dipper mentioned in Yun Qi's seven constellations is based on the book Spring and Autumn Annals.
The second kind is recorded in Luo Shu. In addition to the above seven names, it has seven other names, saying, "Kaiyang is a treasure, so it has auxiliary wings." It's easy to say that the Beidou is shifting: the first is to command life, the second is to save life, the third is to prolong life, the fifth is to calculate interests, the sixth is to spend life, and the seventh is to live. "
Accordingly, another group of Taoist books described the Big Dipper, but the order was reversed. As the "Beidou Zhi Wu Wei Jing" said: First, Shu Tian, the first name, the word Siming, the next day, the name? , the word Lu Si, the third Tianzhu people, name? , the word Lu Cun, the fourth heavenly heart, name? , the word Shouyan, the fifth day of poultry, name? , the word interest, the sixth day, the name? , the word cause, the seventh day, the name, the word is born, ... "And everyone has their own specific responsibilities.
As the name of the Big Dipper, "Jade Qing is the supreme treasure, the true sutra of the Big Dipper", "The Heart Sutra" and "Siming" and "Lu Si", the story of Lady Ziguang's feeling of the transformation of the Big Dipper Lotus is circulated among the people.
A little cloud: On the occasion of the Long and Han Dynasties, there was a king named Zhou Yu, and his concubine named Lady Ziguang. One day, my wife was taking a bath in the lotus pond and suddenly felt that nine lotus flowers had turned into nine children. He is the emperor, the second is the emperor Wei Zi, and the other seven sons are Siming, Lu Si, Lu Cun, Yanshou, Yi Shu, Toure and Shang Sheng (also known as "Hungry Wolf, Giant Gate, Lu Cun, Wen Qu, Lian Zhen, Wu Qu and Pojun"). "The second eldest emperor lives in the position of Gouchen in the Taixu Palace of Ziwei Garden." "Lady Ziguang, also known as the Queen of Beidou Jiuzhende, said," Fighting seven stars makes a rich official; Next to it are two stars, Lord Jue Lu; One of the stars, the Lord's life. ""I am embarrassed when I am old. Also known as "Wolf, Giant Gate, Lu Cun, Wen Qu, Lian Zhen, Wu Qu and Pojun".
Legend:
During the Three Kingdoms period, there was a warlock named Guan Ju in the state of Wei, who was the best fortune teller. One day, he met Yan Chao, saw his face "angry" and knew that he was going to die soon. Yan Chao is a boy of 19 years old. His father was very worried and asked Guan Ju to do something. Guan said to Yan Chao, "When you get home, prepare a jar of good wine and a plate of roasted venison. On Mao's day, you went to the big mulberry tree at the southern end of the wheat field, and two people were playing chess. Don't say a word, and you will be saved. " Yan Chao did as he was told, and if he saw two people playing chess. Yan Chao only pours wine and meat. After a while, the people in the north asked, "What are you doing?" Yan knelt down and said nothing. These two men just ate his wine and meat, so they have to do me a favor. People in the north read the document and said to Yan Chao, "Let you live to be 90 years old." Yan exultation, devoting to return.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 69
One day, I was walking leisurely in the suburbs and saw a young man plowing in the field and standing by the road for a long time. I asked, "What's the name of this young man?" A: Zhao and Yan are nineteen years old. Who is Mr. Wang looking for? Me too, Guan Lu. I think your eyebrows are dead, and you will die in three days. You are beautiful, but you have no life. Zhao Yan went home and told his father urgently. Hearing this, the father caught up with Guan Ju, cried and bowed down to the ground, saying, Please save my son! He said, "This is fate. Is it safe? My father told me: I have only one son, and I hope to ask for help! Zhao Yan also cried. Seeing the love between his father and son, Zhao Yan said: You can prepare a bottle of sake and a deer breast and go to Nanshan in the future. Under the big tree, there are two people playing chess on the stone: one is sitting in the south, wearing a white robe and looking ugly; Sitting alone in the north, wearing a red robe, looks very beautiful. When business is booming, you can run wine and deer breasts into the game. After eating and drinking enough, you will cry and pray for longevity, and you will benefit from it. But don't say what I taught you. The old man stayed at home. The next day, Zhao Yan entered Nanshan with a wine-brewed cup. After about five or six miles, two people played chess in the footwall of the big pine tree, completely ignoring it. Zhao Yan knelt in front of the wine. They enjoy playing chess, and they don't feel finished. Zhao Yan cried and bowed down to the ground, and the two were frightened. The man in red said, this must be the words of the tube. Since we are all suffering from their private affairs, we should pity them. The man in white robe took out the books around him to check. He called Zhao Yan: You are nineteen years old this year, damn it. I put one or nine words on the cross today, and you can live to ninety-nine. See you later, Guan Lu, and teach me not to leak again; Otherwise, it is a scourge. The man in red added a sum of money, and a gust of fragrant wind passed by, turning into two white cranes, soaring up into the sky. Zhao Yangui asked Guan Lu. Hey: people who wear red will hit the south; Those who wear white, Beidou also. Yan Yue: I have heard of the nine planets, Beidou, and he is not the only one. Yan yue: scattered and nine, one. Beidou pays attention to death, while Nandou pays attention to life. Since I have added a sum to my life, why should I worry about my son? Father and son thank humbly. From then on, Guan Yu was afraid of leaking secrets, let alone being a prophet. Legend has it that Peng Zu was originally named Peng Xiu, and the Big Dipper celebrated his birthday alone. As a result, Peng Xiu lived to be over 800 years old and was called Peng Zu.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Little Beidou
Little Big Dipper is the floorboard of the seven brighter stars in Ursa minor, which is far less eye-catching. Gou, the brightest star in the fight, is now Polaris. Extend a straight line from Tian Xuan through Shu Tian, which is about five times as long. You can see a star as bright as the Big Dipper, which is the Polaris at the end of bucket handle.
"Historical Records Tianguanshu": "The bucket is the emperor's car, which is transported to the central government and controlled by the four townships. Dividing yin and yang, building four seasons, all five elements, shifting degrees and setting discipline are all tied to fighting. " -the emperor star is in Ursa minor, and Beidou is in Ursa major.
Sixth, the nine planets of Beidou.
The existence of the Big Dipper, its auxiliary stars and Bixing is mentioned in the Twenty-four "Sun, Moon and Stars Department" of the Taoist gobbledygook "Seven Stars Cloud" in the Song Dynasty, and it is called the Nine Planets of the Big Dipper. Later, the two stars gradually disappeared and became "seven now and two hidden", so today there is the saying of the nine planets of Beidou. Legend has it that people who can see these two hidden stars can live a long life.
Huang Lao Jing says: Beidou is the first Shu Tianxing, and then the soul of the rising star is also a god. The next day, the star will be the soul of the Yin essence star. On the third day, the star will be brilliant. On the fourth day, right star, then the spirit of Xuanxing is also good. The fifth jade star is the spirit of Dan Yuanxing. The sixth rising star in Ran Ran is the spirit of Polaris. The seventh light star, the soul of the star is bright. The star in the eighth hole is also the soul of the auxiliary star. The ninth Tibetan Yuan Xing is the soul of Bi Xing, bright and ethereal.
The aliases of the nine planets in Volume 24 of Seven Stars Cloud are: 1 Yangxing, Second Yinxing, Third Real Star, Fourth Xuanxing, Fifth Danxing, Sixth Polaris, Seventh Guanxing, Eighth Cave Star (Auxiliary Star) and Ninth Hidden Star ().
There is also an astronomical saying that if the bucket handle of the Big Dipper is further lengthened, two dark stars can be seen behind it, one is called "Ge Xuan" and the other is called "swagger", which are today's γ and λ stars of Sagittarius. Counting these two things, the Big Dipper has been extended into the nine planets of the Big Dipper. Of course, the two stars added at the back are far less bright than the first seven. However, in terms of positioning, the barrel handles of the nine planets of Beidou point to the heart, which can also be used to determine the orientation and season.