The assassination of Ali, one of the four disciples of the Prophet Muhammad, marked the end of the caliphate election system! Since then, all Islamic regimes have been hereditary, making the caliphate a feudal country with absolute monarchy:

Damascus was the capital of Umayyad Dynasty (66 1 ~ 750). The sphere of influence moved eastward, along Persia, occupied Afghanistan and northwestern India successively, then conquered Transcaucasia, controlled most of Central Asia, and reached the Pamirs (great, if you cross the Pamirs, you will reach the western regions of China! )。 Go west to North Africa, even cross the Strait of Gibraltar and invade Spain. Attacked Gaul (now France and the United States), but was defeated, retreated to Spain, and the spread of Islam to the west ended here. This is the world's first great empire spanning three continents: Asia, Africa and Europe. Arabs began to move from nomadism to settlement, engaging in agriculture and commerce. The official language of the dynasty was Arabic, which absorbed the cultures of the conquered areas, including Greece, Byzantium, Persia and India, and began to form a multi-ethnic "Arab-Islamic culture". During this period, many famous mosques were built, such as Umayyah Mosque in Damascus, Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem and Ogbai Mosque in Kerouan. Various factions reflecting political and religious ideological struggles emerge in an endless stream, such as Hawarists and Shiites. Like almost all feudal dynasties, due to the tyranny and corruption of the rulers, Wu triggered sharp social contradictions and people's uprisings. In 750 AD, Umayyad was overthrown and the Abbasid dynasty was established.

The capital of Abbas dynasty (750 ~ 1258) was Baghdad. The dynasty further completed the arabization of the conquered areas and made great achievements in economy, culture and religion. Especially in 830 AD, a translation agency named "Wisdom Palace" was established in Ma Meng, which set off the climax of the collective translation movement. Scholars of different nationalities and beliefs in Romania have collected, preserved, translated and studied classical scientific and cultural works of Greece, Persia, India and other countries and made outstanding achievements, which is called "the era of knowledge explosion" by westerners. At the same time, Sunnis, Shiites, Sufism and Murtaizilai all formed their own independent doctrines and theories. The later dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, which led to the separation of lords and the disintegration of the empire. Shiites in North Africa and Egypt established Fatima dynasty, and the post-Umayyad dynasty in Spain formed a tripartite confrontation with Abbas, which actually ended Abbas's hegemony in Europe and Africa. Since then, Seljuk Turks, Roman Crusaders and Mongolian soldiers have stepped into Baghdad. 1258, Aba period was destroyed by Mongolian Xuliewu.

Istanbul (formerly known as Constantinople), the capital of the Ottoman Empire (1299 ~ 1922), was founded by Turks who rose in Central Asia and West Asia in the early 3rd century. /kloc-in the 6th century, when the empire was strong, its territory already included most of the territory of the former Byzantine Empire and the Arab Empire, and it became an Islamic empire spanning three continents: Asia, Africa and Europe. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the empire declined with the corruption of rulers and the change of external conditions. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, western capitalist countries launched a struggle to plunder Asian and African colonies, and the Ottoman Empire became the competition field for European powers. 1798, Napoleon occupied Egypt, and the European powers set off a fierce struggle to "carve up the Ottoman empire's heritage", which led to the complete collapse of Ottoman.

In addition to the above-mentioned famous Islamic dynasties, there are also the Safavid dynasty in Persia and the Mughal dynasty in India, which made the Ottoman Empire stand out in the Islamic world in the16th century.