1?

General review of the first volume of the seventh grade of China history?

Unit 1? The origin of Chinese civilization?

Topic? Knowledge points?

What do you want to recite?

First, the primitive humans in China? Yuanmou people, Beijingers, cavemen? Yuanmou man was about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago and was the earliest known human being in China. Can make tools and use natural fire. ? Peking man lived about 700,000-200,000 years ago. They can make and use tools, and they already know how to use natural fire. ? Neanderthals were about 30,000 years ago, and he could make artificial fires. His appearance has evolved to approach modern people. ? Second, the clan village at the entrance of civilization?

Hemudu site, Banpo site and Dawenkou site? Hemudu Site: About 1 0,000 years ago, rice was planted in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Basin. China is the first country in the world to grow rice. Living in a house without columns. ?

Banpo Site: About 6,000 years ago, the main grain crop of Banpo, Shaanxi Province in the Yellow River valley was millet, and China was the first country to grow millet in the world. Living in a semi-basement house, you can make colorful painted pottery. ? Third, Chinese civilization.

Father?

The legends of Yan Di, Huang Di, Yao Shun and Yu?

About four or five thousand years ago, the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di were tribal leaders in the Yellow River Basin. Yan Di and the Huangdi tribe formed an alliance and formed the future Chinese people. ?

The Yellow Emperor was honored as the "ancestor of mankind" by later generations. Up to now, overseas Chinese call themselves "descendants of the Yellow Emperor". ? Yao, Shun and Yu are outstanding tribal alliance leaders in the Yellow River valley of China after the Yellow Emperor. ?

Unit 2 the emergence of the state and social change?

Fourth, the replacement of Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties? Heredity replaces abdication? Yu was the last leader of the abdication system in primitive society and the first monarch in slave society. His son succeeded his father and became the first hereditary monarch. Hereditary system replaced the abdication system, and "public world" became "home world". ? Xia, Shang and Xi

The change of the week?

Around 2070 BC, the Xia Dynasty was founded in, the capital? Yangcheng; About 65438 BC+0600 BC, Shang Dynasty was established by Tang Dynasty, and Pan Geng moved its capital to Yin. The Western Zhou Dynasty was founded in BC 1046, with Zhou Wuwang as its founder and Haojing as its capital. ? The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty? In order to consolidate his rule, the Zhou Emperor distributed land, civilians and slaves to relatives and heroes. , sealing them as princes; Governors must obey the orders of the Zhou Emperor, pay tribute to the emperor at ordinary times, defend the territory, and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime. ? Function: The Western Zhou Dynasty developed remote areas, strengthened its rule and became a powerful country through the enfeoffment system. ? V. Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bronze Craft?

Oracle Bone Inscriptions?

Words carved by merchants on tortoise shells or animal bones. It already has the basic form of Chinese character structure, and it is a relatively mature text. The written history of our country began in Shang Dynasty. ?

Carved on tortoise shells or animal bones is called Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and carved on bronzes is called bronze inscriptions. ?

Muswuding? Shang Dynasty was the glorious period of bronze culture in China. Simu Wuding is the largest existing bronze ware in the world. Unearthed in Yin Ruins. ? Six, the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period and the seven heroes in the Warring States Period?

Spring and autumn hegemony?

During the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), Qi Huangong was the first hegemon (Guan Zhong took office and put forward "respecting the king and resisting foreigners", and the symbol of hegemony was "Kwai Qiu Hui Meng"). Jin Wengong (avoiding Miyake in the battle of Chengpu), Chu Zhuangwang (winning the Central Plains) and Gou Jian, the King of Yue (serving the salary and tasting the courage)?

Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period? During the Warring States period, Qi, Chu, Yan, Qin, Zhao, Wei and Han were equally famous, and were known as the Seven Heroes of the Warring States in history. ? Tell me about the Battle of Guiling, the Battle of Maling and the Battle of Changping. (Note: The Battle of Chengpu was in the Spring and Autumn Period)? Seven, Shang Yang political reform

Law?

Dujiangyan? During the Warring States Period, Dujiangyan, built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State, in the middle reaches of Minjiang River, was a world-famous flood control and irrigation project. Experience the wisdom and creativity of the ancient working people in China? Shang yang reform?

In 356 BC, Shang Yang carried out reforms with the support of Qin Xiaogong. ?

Content: the state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free sale; Incentive farming. Those who produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee; According to the size of military service, the title of Tian Zhai was granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished. Establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern. ?

Function: Qin's economy is developed; The combat effectiveness of the army has been continuously strengthened; Qin developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States period, which laid the foundation for Qin to unify the six countries. ?

Understanding: The purpose and effect of Shang Yang's political reform not only reflected the needs of the emerging landlord class to develop feudal economy and establish feudal rule, but also promoted the development of feudal economy and the establishment of feudal rule. It promoted (catalyzed) the social transformation in the Warring States period, and the purpose and effect of Shang Yang's political reform reached a high degree of unity. All reforms or reforms that conform to the historical development trend are important driving forces for social progress and social development. ?

Teaching plan exercises of the whole class courseware in grade one summarize the historical geography of mathematical English in China.

2?

Eight, the Spring and Autumn and Warring States culture?

Chunqiu: Laozi and Confucius?

Laozi: At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, he was the founder of the Taoist school, and advocated the dialectical thought of "Yin and Yang" and "making up for the excess". ?

Confucius: At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu was the founder of Confucianism, a great thinker and educator. ? Political Thought: "Benevolence" and "Rite". ? Educational thoughts (achievements): ① setting up private schools to recruit disciples; ② Teaching methods: teaching students in accordance with their aptitude; ? ③ Learning methods: Educate students to have an honest learning attitude and be open-minded and eager to learn; It is necessary to "review the old and learn the new." The Analects of Confucius was compiled by his disciples and recorded Confucius' remarks. ?

Influence of Confucius: Confucianism founded by Confucius later became the orthodox thought of feudal society, which occupied an important position in China traditional culture and had a great influence on later generations. ?

Warring States Period: Philosopher

Hundreds? Representatives of Confucianism: Mencius and Xunzi; Mohist representative: Mozi; Taoist Representative: Zhuangzi; Legalist representative: Han Fei; Representatives of military schools: Sun Wu (Spring and Autumn Period) and Sun Bin (Warring States Period)?

Unit 3? The establishment of a unified country?

Nine, the king of Qin swept Liuhe, eyeing He Xiongzai?

The unification of Qin? In 22 1 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified the six countries and established the first unified centralized feudal country in China history-Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital. Historical role?

What is the historical role of Qin Shihuang?

Positive measures: (1) unify the six countries and end the long-term feudalism and melee. (2) Centralization, who founded feudal absolutism, laid the pattern of feudal social and political system for more than 2,000 years, with far-reaching influence. Unified currency, weights and measures, etc. Unify the writing and build the Great Wall of the North; Develop southern Xinjiang; Construction of Lingqu, connecting the Yangtze River and the Pearl River system. Have a positive and far-reaching impact on future generations. ?

Negative measures: He was also a feudal emperor who ruled brutally. (1) Abuse of financial resources and heavy corvee burden. (2) The Qin Dynasty was heavily taxed; (3) enacting strict laws; (4) Burning books and burying Confucianism stifled thoughts and destroyed culture. Qin Shihuang failed to deal with the relationship between the ruler and the ruled, and practiced tyranny, which intensified class contradictions and social contradictions. ? However, judging from the long-term historical development, Qin Shihuang was an emperor who made great contributions to the historical development of our country and had great influence. ?

Qin Changcheng? In order to resist the Huns, General Meng Tian was sent to drive the Huns to the north of Daqingshan. And built the "Wan Li Great Wall", from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east. Function: Resist Huns? Ten,? There is no way to cut it.

Kill Qin?

Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising?

In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu rebelled in osawa. This is the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China. ?

Chu-Han dispute? Battle of Julu: Xiang Yu's determination to cross the rubicon dealt a heavy blow to Qin Jun's main force. ? The three allusions of "cross the rubicon", "hongmen banquet" and "besieged on all sides" are linked together. ?

XI。 big

Unify the Han dynasty?

The unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty?

Politically, the implementation of "Enzhi" weakened the vassal power, strengthened centralization and realized political unity. ? Economically: unified casting of five baht. ? Ideologically and culturally: "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone." Regard Confucianism as the orthodox thought of feudal society. Vigorously promote Confucian education, set up imperial academy in Chang 'an, take the Five Classics of Confucianism as the main teaching material, and do not learn other theories. ?

Function: Through the implementation of these measures, the Western Han Dynasty achieved political and ideological unity. The unity of politics and ideology is interrelated and complementary. ?

Wei Qing and Huo Qubing defeated the Huns? 1 19 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Huns. Battle: Battle of Mobei. ? Function: Relieved the border troubles in the northern frontier and achieved military reunification. ?

Zhaojun is out of the fortress? In BC 1 century, Emperor Han and Yuan married Wang Zhaojun to Uhaanyehe, a Hun, thus stabilizing the border. ? Zhang Qian's voyage to the West? In BC 138 and BC 1 19, Zhang Qian, two factions of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, went to the Western Regions. ? Function: Strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions. ?

The Silk Road?

After Zhang Qian's voyage to the West, envoys and merchants from the Western Regions transported China's silk and silk products from Chang 'an to West Asia via Hexi Corridor and present-day Xinjiang region, and then to Europe, and imported the treasures of western countries into China. This is the famous Silk Road in history.

Function: to communicate between China and the West and promote economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. (look at the picture)?

3?

Evaluate Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty?

Politically, he accepted Zhu's suggestion and ordered the king to distribute their fiefs to their children and establish a smaller vassal state. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also found an excuse to cut off half of Houzhou at a time. Function: Solve the problem of kingdom, eliminate the threat of local governors to the central government, strengthen centralization and realize political unity. ?

Economically: the local right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron are centralized to cast five baht in a unified way. Function: Suppressed the profiteering of big businessmen, greatly increased the fiscal revenue of the central government, and achieved economic unity.

Militarily, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack the Xiongnu, which caused the Xiongnu to suffer heavy losses, unable to confront the Western Han Dynasty, and some Xiongnu moved westward. ?

Function: Relieved the border troubles in the northern frontier, consolidated the unity and stability of the country, and achieved military unity. ?

Ideologically and culturally: accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone"; Vigorously promote Confucian education, set up imperial academy in Chang 'an, take the Five Classics of Confucianism as the main teaching material, and do not learn other theories. Function: Confucianism is regarded as the orthodox thought of feudal society, which has achieved ideological unity.

Ethnic relations: Emperor Wudi sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice. Function: Strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions, and strengthened the economic and cultural ties between the Central Plains and the Western Regions. ?

In foreign relations: the opening of the Silk Road. Function: Communicate with the East and the West, and promote economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. ?

The unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty further unified, stabilized and consolidated China, a multi-ethnic country. ? (Note: the characteristics of Qin and Han Dynasties are unified)? Fifteen, Qin

Han's technology?

The invention and improvement of papermaking in Cai Lun: In the early Western Han Dynasty, hemp was used as paper, which was the earliest known paper in the world. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun used bark, rags, hemp heads and old fishing nets as raw materials to make paper and improved it (Cai Hou paper). The invention of papermaking is a great contribution of our people to world culture, which greatly promotes the spread of culture. ?

Chapter 9 Arithmetic? Written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is a mathematical masterpiece, summarizing the mathematical achievements since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. ?

Hua Tuo, Zhang Zhongjing and Treatise on Febrile Diseases? In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo made the general anesthetic "Mafeisan", which was a pioneering work in the history of world medicine. He also compiled a set of medical gymnastics "Five Birds Play". Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which comprehensively expounded the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the principle of treating diseases. Later generations revered him as a "medical sage". ? Sixteen, Qin and Han culture and art?

The introduction of Buddhism and the rise of Taoism? Buddhism was introduced into the Central Plains of China in the late Western Han Dynasty. Buddhist culture has a far-reaching influence on the development of China culture. ?

Taoism is a native religion in China, which rose in the Eastern Han Dynasty and was founded by Zhang Ling. Taoism also has a profound influence on China culture. ?

Sima Qian and Historical Records? During the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, Sima Qian, a famous historian, wrote Historical Records. It records the historical events from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is the first biography of China and an excellent literary work. ?

Terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang? The sculpture of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum discovered in Lintong, Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province has a high artistic level and is a pearl in the world art treasure house. ?

Unit 4 separation of political power and national integration?

Seventeen, the Three Kingdoms?

Battle of Guandu? In 200 years, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao with fewer. It laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north. ?

Battle of Red Cliffs?

In 208, Cao Cao confronted Sun Quan and Liu Bei in Chibi area along the Yangtze River. Sun Liulian defeated Cao Jun with fire. Laid the foundation for the Three Kingdoms to stand firm? The formation of the Three Kingdoms?

Country name? Time? Founder? Capital? Wei?

220 years? Cao pi? Luoyang? Han (known as Shu in history)? 22 1 year? Liu Bei? Chengdu? Wu?

222 years?

Sun quan?

Jianye?

4?

18. the development of Jiangnan area?

The development of Jiangnan?

Time: During the Six Dynasties (Wu Dong, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen), the Jiangnan area was gradually developed. ?

The reasons are as follows: ① Jiangnan region has abundant rainfall, hot climate and fertile land, which has superior conditions for developing agriculture; Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, many people fled to the south of the Yangtze River to escape the war. Since the late Western Jin Dynasty, more northerners have moved to the south of the Yangtze River, bringing labor and advanced production technology to the south. (3) There are relatively few wars in Jiangnan, and the social order is relatively stable. ④ Rulers attach importance to agricultural production. Thanks to the hard work of the working people, many water conservancy projects have been built and large areas of wasteland have been reclaimed. ?

Impact: It had a far-reaching impact on China's ancient economic structure and laid the foundation for the economic center of gravity to move south. So that the center of China's economic structure began to change, narrowing the gap between North and South, and tending to balance. ?

19. Great ethnic integration in the north?

Reform of Emperor Xiaowen in Northern Wei Dynasty?

Contents: ① The court must use Chinese, and Xianbei language is forbidden; ② Officials and their families must wear Hanfu; ?

(3) change the surname of Xianbei nationality to Han nationality, and change the surname of royal family from Tuoba to Yuan; ?

④ Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles; ? ⑤ Adopt the official system and laws of Han nationality; ? Learn Chinese etiquette, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate respecting the elderly? All landowners moved the capital to Luoyang?

Function: Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty adapted to the trend and requirements of the great integration of northern nationalities, and the completion speed of the reform was accelerated.

Promote the great integration of the northern nationalities. ? Science and technology in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties? Zu Chongzhi and Pi?

Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties was a famous mathematician and astronomer in ancient China. For the first time in the world, he calculated the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point, nearly a thousand years ahead of the world. ?

Shu of Qi State?

Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties was a famous agronomist in the history of our country. The Book of Qi Yao Min, written by him, was the first complete agricultural scientific work in China and occupied an important position in the history of world agronomy. ?

Li Daoyuan and Zhu? Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient China, and his Notes on Shuijing was a comprehensive geographical monograph. ?

2 1. Wei

Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties culture and art? Wang Xizhi and Preface to Lanting? Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is a masterpiece of calligraphy. Preface to Lanting, the masterpiece, has the reputation of "the best running script in the world" and is respected as a "book saint" by later generations. ?

Gu Kaizhi? Gu Kaizhi, a painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is the representative work of The True Story of the Woman and The Goddess of Luo?

Grotto art? Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province are two famous grottoes. These statues were inherited from the Qin and Han Dynasties.

Traditional plastic arts also absorb the characteristics of Buddhist art.