Your question is incomplete!
The specific analysis of this problem is as follows (including the reference model):
Investigating the understanding of "the historical premise of capitalist mode of production" actually implies the following subtext: during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, handicraft industry was developed, and employment relationship appeared on this basis, but China's capitalist bud did not transform into capitalist mode of production; With the development of handicraft workshops, the expansion of the market and the emergence of the industrial revolution, the seeds of capitalism have been transformed into capitalist modes of production. Why is there such a difference? This requires us to compare China and Britain with what we have learned, so as to fully understand the historical premise of capitalist mode of production. This is the intention of the proposer.
On the basis of reviewing in place and obtaining effective information in an all-round way, if we can apply relevant laws, the answers will be more perfect and our thinking level and ability will be sublimated.
This is an open question. The proposer did not provide a reference answer, which was mastered by Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Hunan provinces. This is a new phenomenon in the national college entrance examination papers and deserves our attention. Judging from the answers and marking of papers drawn up by the author in Jilin and Hunan, although the answers in different provinces are somewhat different, these answers all use relevant laws and attach great importance to multi-angle and comprehensive answers. The third question requires to explain the understanding of "the historical premise of capitalist mode of production", which belongs to the understanding question, and the direction of answer is to answer from the reasons and background. The reasons and background can be answered from politics, economy, ideology and culture, productivity, production relations and so on.
The reference answer of Jilin Province is:
The premise of historical elements is:
(1) Development of family handicraft workshops; The expansion of social division of labor; Factories appear; Emerging industries appear; The emergence of mechanized production (including large machine production), large machine production. What is emphasized here is the main manifestation of capitalist mode of production: from manual workshops to capitalist big machine industry.
(2) the development of commodity economy; The emergence of the merchant class; Mercantilism; The primitive accumulation of capital; Open up new routes; Colonial expansion; Overseas trade and the establishment of overseas markets; National policy support. The emphasis is on several forms of capital accumulation.
(3) employment relationship; Hire labor; Free labor force; Enclosure movement; The labor force is not limited to land; Machine users contribute, mechanics contribute. (talking about free labor).
(4) the ideological emancipation movement; Renaissance; Religious reform; Humanism, people-oriented, freedom and equality; Enlightenment thought; Break the shackles of feudal (theological) thought; Promote scientific and technological progress; Rationalism; Science and technology are productive forces. (involving the ideological field).
Example:
Such as Britain, this historical premise is as follows:
(1) Britain produced the bourgeois revolution earlier, which cleared the way for the development of capitalism;
(2) The early colonial plunder provided it with a large number of primitive accumulation of capital;
(3) The enclosure movement provides a lot of wool, that is, free labor;
④ The early commercial revolution laid a good foundation for it;
⑤ The development of natural science has laid a scientific theoretical foundation for it.
The above historical premise created conditions for the development of British capitalism and prompted the first industrial revolution in Britain.
Another example is China, where capitalism sprouted in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, due to the government's closed-door policy and the sea ban at that time, the development of the budding capitalism was restrained. At that time, most of the money earned by businessmen from commercial operations was used to buy land, and they did not continue to expand their capital, which hindered the development of capitalism. China's "historical premise" did not promote the development of China.
To sum up, the development of capitalism needs the coexistence of economic, political and social conditions, and such a "historical premise" can promote the development of capitalism.
Teacher Yu of Hunan Normal University participated in the marking work in Hunan Province, and he gave the answer:
Engels' "historical premise" mainly refers to the conditions that European and American countries need to develop from "the bud of capitalist production relations" to "capitalist production mode". There are four reasons:
(1) Politically, the capitalist system was first established, perfected and developed in Europe and America. In European and American capitalist countries such as Britain, France and Germany, the process of establishing a capitalist system is combined with the process of opposing feudalism and seeking democracy. In China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the deep-rooted feudal system seriously hindered the development of capitalism.
(2) Economically, the early colonial expansion of European and American countries enabled these countries to acquire primitive accumulation and labor. /kloc-Holland, a typical capitalist country in the 0/7th century,/kloc-Britain did not leave the empire in the 0/8th century, and obtained enough funds to develop capitalist relations of production through colonial expansion and plunder; The "enclosure movement" of "sheep eating people" in Britain separated farmers from the land and provided a large number of free labor for the development of capitalism. The feudal private ownership of land in China seriously hindered the development of capitalist relations of production in China.
(3) In terms of ideology and culture, both the Renaissance and the Enlightenment developed on the basis of the capitalist economy. But these ideological and cultural movements in turn accelerated the development of capitalist relations of production. However, the imperial examination system and cultural autocracy in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties could not promote the development of capitalist relations of production.
(4) In terms of foreign policy, the early developed countries in Europe and America formed markets, which promoted the development of capitalist relations of production. They actively opened up new routes, expanded their colonies and gradually formed a capitalist world market system. However, China's maritime ban policy in Ming Dynasty and the closed door policy in Qing Dynasty made China lag behind the world in culture and science and technology, so China's market became smaller and smaller, which was not conducive to the formation of capitalist relations of production.
To sum up, European and American countries have these preconditions, so they have developed from capitalist employment relations to mature capitalist systems; China does not have these preconditions, so it is impossible to establish mature capitalism in China.
The reference answer of Liaoning Province is:
Thinking direction of answering questions:
Viewpoint: The development of the market is the "historical premise", and the demand of the market is the historical premise for capitalism to develop into a capitalist mode of production.
Argument: It was the demand of British overseas market that greatly stimulated the development of textile industry, and the original manual production could not meet the market demand, which gave birth to the industrial revolution, and mechanized large-scale production became an important feature of capitalist production mode.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China, the natural economy was self-sufficient, farmers' poverty led to extremely low purchasing power, the domestic market was restricted by the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, and the overseas market shrank due to the policy of sea ban and closure, which made China lose the opportunity to promote industrialization.
Conclusion: Therefore, Engels' viewpoint is correct.
This problem can be embodied as follows
Viewpoint 2: the establishment of bourgeois regime is the premise;
Viewpoint 3: Capital accumulation is the premise;
Viewpoint 4: ...