Quaternary is the era of the emergence and development of human beings. As the most active member, Quaternary plays an important role in the groundwater cycle evolution in Henan Plain. Especially since the steam engine era, the evolution of the underground hydrosphere in Henan Plain has actually been influenced by climate change and human activities. With the continuous development of social productive forces, the intervention and influence of human activities on the hydrosphere is becoming more and more obvious.

Dayu (2277 ~ 22 BC13) is a household name for water control. He opened Yu River in Henan Plain to drain water and transport sand to low-lying areas of the plain, dug ditches and dredged land, developed agriculture, and the Xia and Shang Dynasties rose in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Dredging of Yu He River makes a large area of marshland drained and reclaimed in Henan Plain, and the sedimentary environment is bound or changed. This may be the first time that the hydrosphere environment in Henan plain has been artificially transformed on a large scale. Later, in the twenty-fifth year of Wei Wenhou (422 BC), Ximen Bao wrote a letter, "French people dug 12 canals to divert water to irrigate people's fields and irrigate all fields" ("Historical Records and Funny Biography"); Wei Huiwang carried out two water system excavations from 10 to 31 years (36 BC1~ 340 BC). The first phase of the project is "Futian River Diver, Dagou Water Diver" (quoted from "Shuijing Note and Canal Water Note" in the annals of bamboo books). That is, from the Yellow River in the north (or Xingyang) to Putian Ze in Zhengzhou and Zhongmou West, and then digging ditches to Kaifeng to make Xingze and Putian Ze become natural regulating reservoirs-"If the water is abundant, it will be injected to the north, and if the canal overflows, it will be broadcast to the south". The second phase of the project is to divert water from Putian to the east and then turn to the southeast to connect with Huaihe River water; After the Qin dynasty unified the six countries, it began to "resolutely cross Sichuan to prevent obstacles" (Historical Records). One is to stop the river from moving south, and the other is to think that this is the way to go; At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to unify the north and vigorously develop water transport projects, Cao Cao successively dug a series of canals to connect the Yellow River and Haihe River, and gradually formed the framework of the North-South Grand Canal. In 608 AD, Yang Di opened Yongji Canal, from Luoyang to the north of the Yellow River to the west of Tianjin and then transferred to Beijing, so that all the rivers in the North China Plain were injected into the Grand Canal, forming a unified Haihe River system; 1289, Jeju River and Huitong River were reopened, so that the North-South Grand Canal no longer bypassed Luoyang, and so on. These human activities have changed the structure of the surface natural hydrological network, played the role of regional regulation of the surface hydrosphere, and interfered with the Quaternary surface hydrosphere environment in Henan Plain to varying degrees.

According to the current archaeological data, the invention of wells interfering with groundwater environment began in Yangshao culture period about 5.7ka ago. Like 5700aB. The Mulan well discovered in Yuyao Cultural Site in Zhejiang Province shows that human beings have used and intervened in the underground hydrosphere at this time. 1957, archaeologists discovered two wells in Handan, north of Henan plain, with a depth of about 7m, belonging to Longshan period. Two wooden water wells with a diameter of 1.38 ~ 2.95 m and a depth of 3.7 ~ 5. 1 m were found in Taixi, Gaocheng, Hebei Province, and there were wooden wells at the bottom of the wells, which were proved to be sites of Shang Dynasty. In the southern part of Henan Plain, many ancient wells were discovered in the ancient cities of Shangcai and Caiguo (65438 BC+065438 BC+early Western Zhou Dynasty). The invention of the well greatly expanded the scope and intensity of human intervention in the groundwater circle.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, with the rise of modern water conservancy projects such as shaft sinking, the groundwater circle in Henan Plain began to be strongly intervened, and the groundwater level declined. However, before the 1960s, the productivity of industry and agriculture in the whole plain area was still low, such as Zhengzhou, Kaifeng, Luoyang and Xinxiang, which began to develop into industrial cities in the late 1960s, with weak industrial base and low industrial water demand. The vast agricultural areas in Henan Plain only use small water diversion projects along the river and masonry wells to lift water for irrigation, or use reservoir water for canal irrigation. However, since the 1970s, the industrial and agricultural water demand has increased sharply, and the "well pumping fever" has generally appeared in the plain area, and the intensity of groundwater exploitation has doubled, with an average well pumping density of about 6 wells /km2, which has become a period when human activities intensively intervened in the Quaternary groundwater circle.

For the strongest human intervention in the groundwater circle, the over-exploitation in the past 30 years, coupled with the construction of a large number of reservoirs in the western mountainous areas, has led to the reduction of surface runoff into the plain area and the decline of regional groundwater level year after year. Wenxian, Mengzhou to Fanxian and other places have a wide range of underground drip funnels, which are almost connected. Shallow aquifer groups in some areas have been basically drained, and the regional groundwater environment is deteriorating. So far, the influence of this bad intervention is still increasing.

From the above analysis, it can be seen that paleoclimate change and surface tectonic movement are the main driving forces for the change of hydrosphere environment in Henan plain during the geological history. Nowadays, human activities have become an influential and most important third driving force. Because of this, 1999 German P.J.cratzen and American E.F.stoermer*** both put forward the term "anthracycline". From the Holocene, they classified 65438+ 1784 watts in the second half of the 8th century as "Anthropocene", from the invention of the steam engine by J.Watt to the present and future 50000a years. During the Anthropocene, human activities can separate the climatic driving force and tectonic driving force that have an important impact on the surface and underground hydrosphere from the direction of natural evolution, and human efforts to change the hydrosphere environment will greatly increase. In the next thousands or even tens of thousands of years, "people" will be a major driving force, which will have a significant and far-reaching impact on the living environment, including the groundwater circle. Now, people look forward to scientific development, correctly intervene in the natural environment, make use of the super driving force of "people", and strive to find a harmonious situation between people and land. Through the active intervention of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the above-mentioned bad situation can be gradually improved.

12.3.10.2 The present situation of human activities intervening in the Quaternary underground hydrosphere and its negative environmental effects.

In recent decades, groundwater, as one of the main water supply sources in Henan Plain, has played an important role in regional economic and social development. The main aquifer is shallow groundwater, and the exploitation amount is 89.68×108m3/a (1997), accounting for 85.56% of the groundwater exploitation amount. Followed by deep groundwater, the exploitation amount accounts for 14.44% of the total. The general variation law of groundwater exploitation is from south to north, and from piedmont to plain. Among them, Xinxiang City has the largest exploitation amount, which is 27.22× 108m3/a(2003).

The exploitation and utilization degree of shallow groundwater in Haihe River Basin is the highest, with an average of 80.6%. The Yellow River basin and Huaihe River basin account for about 50% (table 12.4).

Table 12.4 Statistical Table of Development and Utilization Degree of Shallow Groundwater in Henan Plain (%)

Deep groundwater exploitation is mainly concentrated in urban areas, mostly used for industrial and domestic water, and only a small amount is used for domestic exploitation in rural areas. Xinxiang, Puyang, Zhengzhou, Kaifeng and other cities are located in the north and north-central part of Henan Plain, and the mining intensity of deep groundwater is relatively high, with the mining modulus reaching 3.2 ~ 6.6×104m3/km2a; However, in Pingdingshan, Xuchang and Zhumadian, which are located in the middle of the plain, the deep groundwater has poor water abundance and relatively low mining intensity, and the mining modulus is 0.3 ~ 3.6× 104m3/km2a. The exploitation modulus of deep groundwater in Xinyang area, located in the south of the plain, is the smallest, generally 0.04 ~ 0.5× 104m3/km2a.

Due to the long-term exploitation of groundwater resources, human activities have increasingly interfered with the Quaternary groundwater circle in Henan Plain. Therefore, not only the groundwater resources are seriously attenuated, but also geological disasters such as land subsidence and ground fissures are induced, and the problem of negative environmental effects is becoming more and more serious.

1) Overexploitation of groundwater leads to the attenuation of groundwater resources. In Anyang, Hebi, Puyang, Xinxiang, Jiaozuo, Zhengzhou, Shangqiu, Xuchang, Luohe and other places, the shallow groundwater in Henan Plain is overexploited in a large area, and the groundwater resources are seriously attenuated. The number of underground water level drop funnels is 1999, which increased to 10 in 2004, with a total area of 7247 ~100/8km2 (table 12.5). Among them, the landing funnel in Anyang-Hebi-Puyang area in the north of the plain is the largest, reaching 5648~7208km2, followed by the landing funnel in Wuzhi-wen county-Mengzhou area, covering an area of 532~998km2 (table 12.6).

Table 12.5 Statistics of Shallow Groundwater Falling Funnel in Henan Plain

Table 12.6 Typical Shallow Groundwater Drop Funnel in Henan Plain

In areas where urban industrial layout is concentrated, the density of deep wells is high, and the deep groundwater is seriously overexploited, forming a deep groundwater level drop funnel centered on urban water sources. According to statistics, the deep groundwater in most urban areas of Henan Plain is overexploited to varying degrees. Among them, the area of the falling funnel of deep groundwater level in Zhengzhou City is 444.6km2, that in Kaifeng City is 122.0km2, and that in Shangqiu City is 480km2. The central water level of the deep underground water level drop funnel in Xuchang City and Zhumadian City is above 80m, and that in Jiaozuo City and Hebi City is about 80m. The regional groundwater level is decreasing year by year, and the groundwater resources are seriously attenuated. At the same time, the thickness of vadose zone increases, the surface runoff decreases, the ecological environment of rivers and wetlands deteriorates, and the surface hydrosphere is adversely affected.

2) Land subsidence and ground fissure hazards. The continuous over-exploitation of groundwater makes the groundwater level drop continuously, the aquifer is partially drained, and the water storage pores are compressed, thus inducing land subsidence and ground fissure disasters. At present, ground subsidence has occurred in Xuchang, Kaifeng, Puyang and other places, and ground fissures have also appeared in some places.

3) Changes and pollution of groundwater quality. Human activities have polluted the hydrosphere for a long time, but before industrialization, it was only partial and the total amount of pollutants was very small. In most cases, the self-purification ability of water can be completely eliminated, which is not enough to pollute the hydrosphere environment. After the industrial revolution, especially in recent decades, due to the rapid enhancement of human intervention ability, water consumption has increased sharply, and a large number of industrial and domestic wastewater has been discharged into the surface and underground hydrosphere. In addition, industrial solid wastes are piled up at will, pesticides and fertilizers are widely used, and sewage irrigation is directly used, which leads to a large number of pollutants infiltrating into the groundwater hydrosphere through surface water bodies or precipitation leaching, thus polluting the groundwater environment. In addition, as the groundwater level drops sharply, the thickness of vadose zone increases, the oxidation environment develops, and the oxidation is enhanced, which leads to the activation of salt ions in the drainage aquifer medium and enters the groundwater body under the leaching effect of atmospheric precipitation or surface water, resulting in the variation of salt content, salinity and water quality of groundwater, and even pollution. At the same time, the over-exploitation of groundwater has changed the circulation mode of groundwater circulation system. In some areas, the circulation mode of vertical discharge of groundwater, surface evaporation and partial infiltration of groundwater is the dominant movement mode, which increases the repeated accumulation of salt and the infiltration of pollutants into aquifers, leading to further deterioration of groundwater environment and further shortage of groundwater resources. From 65438 to 0997, the monitoring results of groundwater quality in nearly 50 wells showed that 70% of the monitoring wells did not meet the drinking water standard. On both sides of the river with serious surface water pollution, the zonal pollution of groundwater is prominent, which has become the hardest hit area of groundwater environmental pollution in Henan Plain.

4) The hydrological network of the surface hydrosphere has changed, lakes and depressions have dried up, and the ecological environment of wetlands has shrunk. Historically, the number and scale of human water conservancy projects were limited, which did not greatly interfere with the circulation of the hydrosphere. Since the industrial revolution, especially in recent decades, the production and domestic water consumption has increased sharply, and the scale and quantity of various water conservancy projects have become larger and larger. Often tributaries of large, medium and small rivers intercept and store water everywhere, which often reduces or even completely cuts off the main flow. For example, in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, since the historical period, the amount of artificial water diversion has been increasing, the sediment carrying capacity of the river channel has decreased, a large amount of sediment has been deposited in the downstream riverbed, the riverbed of the Yellow River has been rising, the breach has flooded, a large area of land has been buried by sediment, and the local ecological environment has changed adversely. In 1980s and 1990s, the Yellow River cut-off replaced the Yellow River flood, which became a new problem affecting the economic development of Henan Plain.

There used to be many lakes in Henan Plain, which played a very good role in water diversion and flood control, flood detention and irrigation, and improving the ecological environment in history. However, since 1980s, under the action of human engineering, the amount of water entering the plain has been reduced a lot or no water flows, the downstream rivers have almost dried up, the surface hydrological network has changed, and many lakes and depressions have undergone drastic changes. Such as the Yellow River Wetland in Jin Meng, Liuyuankou Wetland in Kaifeng, and the Old Yellow River Wetland in northern Henan have all been affected to varying degrees. The ecological environment of wetlands is shrinking, some plants that used to like water and humidity are reduced or disappeared, and biodiversity is being seriously threatened.