Xia dynasty began in 2070 BC, Shang dynasty in 1600 BC, Pan Geng moved to yin in 1300 BC, and Zhou dynasty in 1046 BC. Experts gave a brief description of the origin and early development of Chinese civilization.
About 5800 years ago, there were signs of the origin of civilization in the Yellow River, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the West Liaohe River. Since 5,300 years ago, all regions of China have entered the stage of civilization; Around 3800, the Central Plains region formed a relatively mature form of civilization, which radiated cultural influence in all directions and became the core and leader of the whole process of Chinese civilization.
1. The 5,000-year history of China is the same as "Xia Shang Zhou Dating Project" and "Comprehensive Research on the Origin and Early Development of Chinese Civilization" (hereinafter referred to as "Chinese Civilization Tracing Project").
1. The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties dating project is a cultural project in China. It is a scientific research project and a systematic project of interdisciplinary joint research to study the chronology of Xia, Shang and Wednesday in the history of China by combining natural science with humanities and social sciences.
Started in 1996, it is a key scientific and technological project in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Combining the research methods and achievements of natural science, social science and humanities, this project has set up 9 topics and 44 special topics, and organized 170 scientists in the fields of history, archaeology, philology, ancient philology, historical geography, astronomy and dating technology to jointly tackle key problems, aiming at studying and scheduling the exact age of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China and creating conditions for studying the 5,000-year history of civilization in China.
The dating project of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is a scientific research project that combines natural science with humanities and social sciences to study the chronology of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the history of China. It is a systematic project of interdisciplinary joint research. This project is a national key scientific and technological project of People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The project was officially started on May 2000 1996 and completed on September 2000 15.
2. A Comprehensive Study on the Origin and Early Development of Chinese Civilization (referred to as "Chinese Civilization Tracing Project" for short) is another major scientific research project supported by the state to study the history and ancient culture of China after the Ninth Five-Year Plan-the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Dating Project.
First, the project has been pre-studied for three years (200 1-2003). On the basis of pre-research, in the summer of 2004, the national tenth five-year key scientific and technological research project "The Traceability Project of Chinese Civilization" was officially launched.
The latest achievement released by the project: 5,000 years ago, China had entered the stage of civilization, and a country appeared and entered "ancient times".
Second, the research results:
Over the years, experts in source exploration engineering have focused on urban sites such as Liangzhu, Taosi, Shimao, Erlitou, and field archaeological work, and moved their laboratories to archaeological sites, polishing the "stars" of civilization that have been sleeping for thousands of years, and providing important evidence for the exhibition of Chinese civilization for 5,000 years.
In Liangzhu Site, Zhejiang Province, an inner city with an area of nearly 3 million square meters and a larger outer city built about 5,000 years ago were discovered. In order to prevent the ancient city from being flooded, Liangzhu people built a huge dam in the piedmont area north of the ancient city, and its engineering quantity was second to none in the world at the same time.
Giant city sites with an area of 2.8 million or even 4 million square meters were discovered in Taosi site in Shanxi and Shimao site in Shaanxi, respectively. The social differentiation in these city sites is serious, and high-grade buildings are surrounded by high walls. The class differentiation reflected by tombs in this period is very obvious. Small tombs have nothing, or only one or two weapons or pottery. There are hundreds of funerary objects in large tombs, which are not only beautifully made, but also show their rank and identity.
"This kind of society is obviously no longer the tribal alliance we originally thought, and it is high time to enter the national stage." Wang Wei, a researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and one of the leaders of the source exploration project, said, "So we feel that the Central Plains region has entered the primary civilization stage during this period."
Guan Qiang, deputy director of National Cultural Heritage Administration, said that on the basis of scientific summary of the field archaeological achievements in China in the past 90 years, the research team of Sourcing Engineering also put forward the outstanding characteristics of China's entry into a civilized society from the aspects of social division of labor, class division, central city and compulsory power.
Extended data:
For a long time, the origin and early development of ancient oriental civilization, represented by China, lacked both information and systematic understanding. Therefore, although Chinese civilization has a long history, the "history of faith" with a real recorded date began in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the first year (84 BC1,which can be found in the Chronicle of Twelve Governors of Historical Records). Before that, the history of China could only be a legend and a dubious history, and the time context was very vague.
However, due to the lack of strong archaeological evidence for the dating project of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the publication of Chronology of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties has aroused many voices of discussion and criticism. In order to make up for this deficiency, in 200 1 year, a major scientific research project "Chinese Civilization Sourcing Plan" was launched to reveal the origin and early development of Chinese civilization for 5,000 years.
After more than ten years, Guan Qiang, deputy director of National Cultural Heritage Administration, revealed at the press conference of the State Council Office on May 28th that up to now, great progress has been made in the source exploration project, and the 5,000-year-old Chinese civilization has been proved by archaeological data.
When "Five Thousand Years Up and Down" is no longer a "legend", the excitement of Chinese people is beyond words. The news that "archaeological evidence proves that Chinese civilization has a history of 5,000 years" has shown a trend of brushing the screen in the circle of friends.
Five Thousand Years Up and Down is no longer a "legend", but a return to the truth of history. The origin and early development of Chinese civilization is a history that has not been directly recorded in words. With the great progress of the "Chinese Civilization Sourcing Plan", we have been able to describe this period of history successfully, thus filling the gap in this critical period in history.
The origin and early development of Chinese civilization is also an integral part of the origin and early development of human civilization in the world, so it also fills the gap in the history of world civilization.
"Up and down for five thousand years" is no longer a "legend", which is a powerful refutation of "western centralism". Western centralism is the product of the industrial revolution that colonized the world with the backwardness of China civilization and the Western Renaissance in modern times. Western centralism is a kind of implicit belief in seeing the whole world from a western perspective. Consciously or unconsciously feeling Europe's superiority to the world is a misunderstanding of civilization, culture and history.
Western culture is superior to non-western culture; Or human history revolves around western culture; Or think that the characteristics, values or ideals of western culture have some universality, thus representing the future development direction of non-western countries ... all of these have the color of western centralism.
Making a correct conclusion on the historical position of Chinese civilization in the history of human civilization is related to the spiritual power of the Chinese nation and the fundamental trend of human civilization. With abundant evidence and scientific research, the Chinese civilization source-seeking plan reveals the objective fact of the independent origin of Chinese civilization, and makes the fallacy that "Chinese civilization comes from the West" self-defeating.
"Up and down five thousand years" is no longer a "legend", but has a strong practical significance. "All history is contemporary history". For the public, the value and charm of history lies in its close connection with reality.
After decades of rapid development, China deeply felt the urgency and importance of building a spiritual home. No individual or country can be divorced from the past. It is undoubtedly an important support and the best choice to draw nutrition from the source of national historical civilization and build the spiritual home of the Chinese nation.
The traceability project shows the overall characteristics of "diversity, tolerance and continuity" of Chinese civilization. This not only reveals the endless secret of Chinese civilization, but also has great significance for strengthening cultural self-confidence and thinking about the future of the Chinese nation.
Baidu Encyclopedia —— Dating Project of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
Baidu Encyclopedia —— Source-seeking Project of Chinese Civilization
Xinhuanet-Current Affairs > Text > Searching for the Source of Civilization and the Soul of Nation —— Interpretation of the Achievements of "Chinese Civilization Tracing Project"
Xinhuanet -Text > Exploring 5000-year civilization: Making history no longer a "legend"