1. Causes of the British bourgeois revolution and its historical significance

Reason: After the opening of the new air route, Britain took advantage of its unique geographical position to actively develop overseas trade and carry out colonial plunder. As a result, the British capitalist economy developed rapidly, and the bourgeoisie and the newly born aristocrats grew stronger and stronger. They want to seize power and develop capitalist economy. The autocratic rule of Stuart dynasty became a serious obstacle to the development of capitalism. Therefore, to develop capitalism, we must establish a corresponding social system to protect the interests of the bourgeoisie. In a word, the root of the British bourgeois revolution.

Historical significance: a. Through the bourgeois revolution, Britain established a constitutional bourgeois dictatorship (1689, which was passed by Parliament to limit the rights of the king), clearing the way for the development of British capitalism;

B is a great victory of capitalism over feudalism in human history, which opened the prelude of bourgeois revolutionary movement and promoted the development of human history.

2. < The promulgation of the Bill of Rights and the establishment of constitutional monarchy.

In order to limit the king's rights and determine the power of parliament, the British Parliament passed the Bill of Rights. < Bill of Rights > It provides a legal guarantee for restricting the royal power, so that the future king can't abuse his rights and do whatever he wants, which leads to the establishment of the bourgeois dictatorship of British constitutional monarchy.

Britain became the largest colonial country.

Britain used pirates to rob at sea. /kloc-In the late 6th century, Britain defeated the Spanish "Armada", gained maritime hegemony and began to colonize overseas. The early colonial activities of Britain and France were mainly concentrated in India and North America. In the process of colonial expansion, Britain, France and the Netherlands fought fiercely. Finally, Britain defeated the Netherlands and France and became the largest colonial country in the world.

4. Gunfire in Lexington and American Independence

A. The gunfire in Lexington marked the beginning of the North American War of Independence.

B1775 the second continental congress was held to reorganize the continental army and appoint Washington as commander-in-chief of the continental army.

C. 1776 the continental congress declared the independence of the British north American colony.

D. 1777, the battle of Saratoga, the American army defeated the British army, which was the turning point of the North American War of Independence.

E. 1783 Britain recognizes American independence.

F. Importance:

1. The War of Independence won the independence of the United States (1787, the United States formulated the Constitution of 1787, which stipulated that the United States was a federal country with a presidential system, and Washington was elected as the first president of the United States). At the same time, it is bourgeois revolutionary and conducive to the development of American capitalism.

It promoted the revolutions in Europe and Latin America.

5. Occupy the Bastille

On July 1789, the people of Paris captured the Bastille and the French bourgeois revolution broke out.

6. The establishment of the First Republic of France and the establishment of the First Empire of France by Napoleon.

1791June, Austria and Prussia took military action to help Louis XVI suppress the revolution, and the people of Paris overthrew the monarchy. In September, the French army also expelled foreign troops and declared the first Republic of France.

After the climax of the bourgeois revolution, the political situation in France was turbulent. 1799, Napoleon launched a coup and seized power. 1804, Napoleon was crowned emperor and established the first empire of France. The Code of Foreign War promulgated by Napoleon harmed the interests of the people in the invaded areas and caused people's resistance. 18 12 failed in the expedition to Russia, which sounded the death knell of the empire. In the battle of Leipzig, the French army was defeated again; 18 14 the anti-French Coalition forces entered Paris and the empire perished.

7. British industrial revolution

The industrial revolution is a revolution to promote the development of handicraft workshops into large-scale machine production, which began with the invention and use of machines.

Conditions: abundant funds; Adequate labor force; Abundant resources and raw materials; The urgent demand for overseas trade.

In the 1960s, the industrial revolution first took place in Britain. The invention and use of machines first appeared in the cotton textile industry.

Technology: a. 65438+ In 1960s and 1970s, Jenny spinning machine and water spinning machine came out one after another; In 1980s, the appearance of water loom greatly improved weaving efficiency. B. Mechanic Watt made an improved steam engine, which was used to drive textile machines in 1785, thus making mankind enter the "age of steam". C. The use of steam engines promoted the progress of transportation, and steamboats and train locomotives were born one after another. D./kloc-the first half of the 0/9th century, the Great Emperor.

8. The influence of the industrial revolution

Impact: A. The industrial revolution created great productivity and promoted economic development; B the industrial revolution has increasingly divided society into two directly opposite classes, namely, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie; C the industrial revolution has changed the face of the world, and the world has increasingly become an interconnected and inseparable whole.

9. The birth of scientific socialism

The three major workers' movements in Europe, namely, the two armed workers' uprisings in Lyon, France, the workers' charter movement in Britain, and the textile workers' uprising in Silesia, Germany, marked that the proletariat stepped onto the historical stage.

Marx and Engels linked theoretical research with the struggle for proletarian liberation, and founded scientific socialism on the basis of absorbing the excellent cultural heritage of mankind. The publication of < * * * Declaration > marks the birth of scientific socialism.

Significance: The proletariat has its own powerful ideological weapon, and the international communist movement has entered a new stage.

10. The causes and significance of the American Civil War

Reason: The capitalist industry in the north developed rapidly, and the south implemented a large plantation economy, with black slaves as the main labor force. The contradiction between the two sides on the issue of tariffs and slavery is irreconcilable.

Significance: The abolition of slavery in the United States cleared another obstacle for the development of capitalism and created conditions for the rapid development of capitalism in the future.

1 1. Peter I reform and 186 1 reform.

Peter I reformed from 65438 to 0689. In order to get rid of backwardness and make Russia a modern power, Peter I carried out various reforms, including strengthening centralization, expanding military power, developing economy and promoting school education. This is actually the reform of Qiang Bing, a rich country promoted by feudal serf owners. Its role: strengthening Russia's economic and military strength, consolidating autocratic rule and preparing conditions for foreign expansion.

186 1 reform 19 Russian capitalist industry developed in the middle of this century, but it developed very slowly due to the obstruction of serfdom. In 2008+086 1 year, Tsar Alexander II was forced to sign a decree abolishing serfdom in order to safeguard the interests of nobles and landlords. The law stipulates that serfs become "free men" in law, and landlords are no longer allowed to buy and sell serfs and landlords. Serfs can pay for the redemption of land. In fact, it was the bourgeois reform carried out by the tsar from top to bottom. Its role: it is a major turning point in Russian history to make Russia embark on the road of developing capitalism.

12. Main contents and significance of Meiji Restoration in Japan

Main contents: politics: "abolishing vassals and setting counties" and strengthening centralization; Economy: allow land sales, introduce advanced western technology, and encourage the development of modern industry; Social life: advocate "civilization" and strive to develop education.

Significance: Japan got rid of the crisis of becoming a semi-colonial country and gradually changed from a closed feudal country to a capitalist country. However, after Japan became strong, it quickly embarked on the road of foreign aggression and expansion.

< World History > Volume II

1. scientific achievements and the second industrial revolution

Scientific achievements: a. Development and utilization of new energy 65438+In the 1970s, electricity entered the production field as a new energy, practical generators came out, and mankind entered the "electrical age"; The wide application of internal combustion engine promotes the exploitation and refining of oil, and oil, electricity and coal constitute three major energy sources.

B. Creating new machines and new means of transportation; Siemens of Germany made the first tram; In 1980s, German karl benz and others designed the internal combustion engine, thus successfully trial-producing automobiles and airplanes.

C. Invention of a new information transmission tool1In the middle of the 9th century, wired telegraph was invented; /kloc-in the late 20th century, wired telephones and wireless telegrams were also successfully developed.

Impact: It has greatly promoted the productive forces, strengthened the ties around the world, and provided a broader road for economic development.

2. Economic development of major capitalist countries

/kloc-In the late 20th century, with the high concentration of productivity and capital, monopoly organizations appeared in major capitalist countries, which took the form of cartels, syndicates and trusts.

As emerging capitalist countries, the United States and Germany became the world's first and second capitalist industrial powers at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, respectively, because they adopted more new technologies and new equipment, with a high starting point and rapid development.

Due to backward technology and equipment, over-reliance on colonies and slow economic development, Britain and France have been overtaken by the United States and Germany in industrial production.

After Meiji Restoration, Japan made every effort to expand its armed forces and promote economic development. Although Russian capitalism has developed rapidly, it still lags behind other major capitalist countries because of a large number of feudal remnants.

3. Names and main members of the two imperialist military blocs.

Allies: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (later joined the Allies)

Allies: Britain, France, Russia

4. The fuse of World War I-Sarajevo incident. Three major battles on the western front.

1965438+At the end of June, 2004, a Serbian youth assassinated Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in the streets of Sarajevo. This is the Sarajevo incident that triggered the First World War.

Three major battles on the western front: Britain, France and Germany, namely the Battle of the Marne River, the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme.

5. The nature of American participation in the war and the First World War

When the war broke out, the United States used its neutral position to do business with belligerents and made a fortune by selling arms and providing loans. In 2007, when both warring sides were exhausted, the United States joined the Allies and eventually entered the war. America's participation in the war has brought great benefits to its allies politically, militarily and economically.

Nature of World War I: It was an unjust imperialist predatory war.

6. Russian October Revolution and Soviet Socialist Construction

Russia's economy completely collapsed during the First World War. 19 17 February Revolution overthrew the autocratic rule of the czar, resulting in the coexistence of the bourgeois provisional government and the Soviet Union represented by workers and peasants. The bourgeois government continued the imperialist war and suppressed the revolutionary masses by force. +09 1756538 Under Lenin's personal leadership, the October Revolutionary Armed Uprising won, overthrew the bourgeois provisional government, established the world's first Soviet Workers and Peasants People's Committee, launched the "World War I" and promulgated the.

The Soviet Union began to build a planned economy, and the two five-year plans of 1928 and 1933 focused on heavy industry. With the completion of the two five-year plans, the Soviet Union changed from an agricultural country to an industrial country. The Soviet Union basically completed the collectivization of agriculture in 1937. In the same year, the Soviet Union adopted a new constitution, which marked the establishment of the socialist system in the Soviet Union.

7. Paris Peace Conference and:

19191-in June, 27 participating countries, Britain, France and the United States became the masters of the peace conference. Its main contents include: signing a contract with Germany: A series of peace treaties were signed with German allies respectively, which together with the peace treaty with Germany constituted the Versailles system. Decided to establish the League of Nations, an international organization to punish aggression and safeguard world peace (established in 1920, it is actually a tool for imperialist powers to maintain the post-war capitalist world order). It decided the new order of imperialism ruling Europe, West Asia and Africa. (For the content of the peace treaty, see page 35, Volume 2, Grade 3)

8. Washington Conference

Held at the initiative of the United States, nine countries participated, and the United States, Britain and Japan played a major role. Britain, France, Japan and the United States signed the Treaty on the Limitation of Naval Arms, which stipulated the tonnage ratio of the main naval ships of the five countries. 1922, signed by representatives of nine countries. In fact, it promoted the expansion of the United States in China. The Washington Conference is a continuation of the Paris Peace Conference, which established the ruling order of imperialist countries in East Asia and the Pacific, and finally established the Versailles-Washington system in which imperialism repackaged the world.

9. 1929- 1933 Capitalist Economic Crisis and Roosevelt's New Deal

1929- 1933 the capitalist economic crisis first started in the United States, which is a worldwide capitalist economic crisis. This crisis has three characteristics: wide range, long duration and great destructiveness.

The purpose of Roosevelt's New Deal is to strengthen the state's intervention and guidance in the economy and eliminate the economic crisis without changing the capitalist system. Its contents are as follows: in terms of finance, first, private cash will be re-circulated; In agriculture, the government requires farmers to reduce cultivated land and slaughter livestock, and the government allocates funds for compensation; In terms of industry, the central measure of the New Deal is the adjustment of the industry by the state. 1933, congress passed the industrial revival law to strengthen the government's regulation and control of capitalist industrial production. In terms of social relief, many public works have been built to reduce unemployment and stimulate consumption and production.

Evaluation: A. The New Deal achieved certain results, which made the American economy slowly recover and stabilized capitalist rule;

B The capitalist system has not changed, the root cause of the crisis still exists, and the New Deal cannot fundamentally eliminate the economic crisis.

10. Fascism in Germany, Italy and Japan

The fundamental reason for the establishment of fascist dictatorship in Germany, Italy and Japan is the blow of the world economic crisis.

Hitler's coming to power marked the formation of the European origin of the world war. 1936, Japan's military-controlled cabinet came to power, marking the formation of the Asian origin of the world war. 1937, Germany, Italy and Japan formed an aggressive military and political group, which became the "Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis", also known as the Axis Group.

1 1. World War II

Reasons: a. Under the impact of the economic crisis, Germany, Italy and Japan established and strengthened fascist dictatorship and invaded abroad crazily;

B. Britain, France and the United States connived at aggression and accelerated the outbreak of war.

1 September 9391,Germany "blitzkrieg" Poland, Britain and France were forced to declare war on Germany, and the war broke out in an all-round way;

1941On June 22nd, Germany raided the Soviet Union, and Soviet soldiers and civilians bravely defended their homeland and won the battle of Moscow.

At the beginning of 1942, the international anti-fascist alliance was established;

1July 1942 to1February 1943, the Battle of Stalingrad became the turning point of World War II.

The new Italian government surrendered in September1943;

1943, China, the United States and Britain held the Cairo Conference in Egypt and published "It provided a basis for dealing with the postwar Japanese issue"; The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union held a meeting in Tehran, Iran, and decided to open a second front in Europe.

At the beginning of 1945, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union held a meeting in Yalta, the Soviet Union, and reached a major agreement: Germany was occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain; The Soviet Union participated in the war against Japan; Establish the United Nations.

1May 8, 945 Germany surrendered unconditionally;

1In July 1945, China, the United States and Britain issued the Potsdam Proclamation, demanding that Japan surrender immediately and unconditionally; 1945 In early August, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan; 1945 August 15, Japan surrendered unconditionally, and formally signed the surrender letter on September 2.

12. Measures taken by the Soviet Union to consolidate the socialist system after World War II and their influence

The fourth five-year plan was implemented from 65438 to 0946. Under the leadership of Stalin, the development of economy, heavy industry and national defense industry is the focus of Soviet industry. The people of the Soviet Union have made great achievements in economic revitalization, improved living standards, made great progress in education and culture, and enhanced the attractiveness of the socialist system.

13. Establishment of "European Community"

1967, in order to ensure their own security and international status, promote economic development and strengthen mutual cooperation, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy initiated the establishment of the "European Community" organization. After the establishment of the "European Community", the number of member countries has been increasing and the cooperation between them has become increasingly close, which has promoted the economic development of member countries and improved the international status and role of the European Community.

14. US hegemonic policy and US-Soviet hegemony

The embodiment of American hegemonic policy;

During the period of 1947, US President Truman pursued the "Cold War" policy in Europe (all means and hostile actions taken by western countries led by the United States against socialist countries such as the Soviet Union).

By providing economic assistance, the United States resisted the impact of the Soviet Union and socialist forces and controlled western European countries.

In order to further control Western Europe and encircle European socialist countries, 1949 established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

In 1950s and 1960s, it launched wars of aggression against Korea and Vietnam.

Hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union: After 1950s, with the strength of the country, the Soviet Union also embarked on the road of hegemonism; "Cuban Missile Crisis" in 1960s; In the late 1970s, the Soviet Union sent troops to occupy Afghanistan in an attempt to establish hegemony in South Asia and the Persian Gulf. The United States put forward the "Star Wars" plan. The hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union has seriously threatened world peace and brought a heavy burden to the two countries themselves. Unable to do so, the Soviet Union was forced to change its hegemonic policy in the mid-1980s.

The rise of the third world

After World War II, the Asian people first set off a national liberation movement;

1947 Britain was forced to agree to India's independence and divide the original India into India and Pakistan.

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