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Why was the first Tsar Ivan IV called "Ivan the Terrible"?
Ivan? Vasilyevich, also known as Ivan the Great or Ivan the Great. Vassili III, the Grand Duke of Moscow, and his second Ye Linna? Gliska's son was the first czar in Russian history. Ivan IV ascended the throne at the age of three, and his mother was temporarily regent, but she suffered violence from big noble. At that time, the fierce power struggles, disputes and murders of various groups had a profound impact on Ivan IV's character formation and his activities. From an early age, he developed a strong-willed, ruthless character, excited and cruel, and severely suppressed the nobility. He was crowned czar in June 65438 +0547 10.

During his administration, he carried out his original "special jurisdiction system" throughout the country, dividing the whole territory into two parts. One is a special jurisdiction, which is mainly composed of the territory in the center of Russia and ruled by the special jurisdiction army appointed by the czar; First, ordinary areas, mainly remote and backward areas, were managed by aristocratic lords, and many big noble were driven from special jurisdictions to ordinary areas, which greatly weakened their strength. At the same time, Ivan the Terrible set up a special army that was absolutely loyal to the czar and cruel and arbitrary to his subjects. Subsequently, a series of massacres began, which reached a climax during the implementation of the special jurisdiction system from 1565 to 1572. The targets of the massacre were mainly the feudal princes who had the strength to resist the tsar and the aristocrat Ivan IV who killed his son. In seven years, more than 4,000 big noble were killed. Ivan IV, while eradicating big noble, fostered the influence of petty aristocrats and citizens. The positive role of the special system was to eliminate the hidden danger of local lords' separatist regime and strengthen centralization, which may be a step that must be experienced in the development of Russian history, although the way adopted was too intense. ?

Ivan has made great achievements in territorial expansion. It successively annexed Kazan khanate (1552), Astrakhan khanate (1556) and Siberian khanate (1579), and defeated Crimea khanate, which made Russia's territory move eastward greatly and the Mongols no longer became a threat. In some of these battles, he personally fought, and put forward strategies such as "continuously attacking the enemy" and "starting from destroying the enemy's effective strength on the battlefield". In addition, he annexed the Great Nogai Khan and Bashkirya, making many ethnic groups in the North Caucasus submit to Russia. He launched the Livonia War in 1558 in an attempt to seize the Baltic Sea. The war lasted for a quarter of a century (1558~ 1583), which consumed most of Ivan's life energy. The major Baltic countries are involved. Russia finally failed because it was isolated and helpless, and its long-cherished wish to seize the Baltic Sea estuary reached 1083. ?

Ivan IV is a clever, wise and capable man, and his activities are far-sighted, firm in purpose and progressive in nature. Ivan IV occupies a very special and important position in the history of the founding of Russia. But on the other hand, this man grew up in an extremely complicated environment of class struggle and internal struggle within the ruling group. He has developed a strong and ruthless character since he was a child. He is suspicious, emotional, cruel and severely suppresses the nobility. /kloc-at the age of 0/3, he ordered the execution of the hereditary overlord who opposed him. In a rage, he actually killed his eldest son, Prince Ivan, with a cane, which made people feel particularly horrified and horrible. The nickname "Ivan the Terrible" came from this.