Ancient Egypt 1. Nile and ancient Egyptian civilization
(1) Rise and fall: The Nile is located in the northeast corner of Africa, running through the north and south of Egypt, and the ancient Egyptian civilization is called "the gift of the Nile". From about 3500 BC, some small countries appeared; The unification was initially realized around 3 100 BC; In 525 BC, it was annexed by the Persian Empire.
(2) Territory: After the ancient, middle and new countries, Egypt became a powerful military empire, reaching the junction of Syria and Asia Minor in the north, the upper reaches of the Euphrates River and the "fourth waterfall" of the Nile River in the south.
(3) Civilization: The solar calendar is one of the outstanding achievements of ancient Egyptian astronomy. Hieroglyphs are one of the earliest characters in the world.
2. Pyramid: the symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization, reflecting the height of social and economic development in ancient Egypt and the crystallization of ancient Egyptian wisdom.
3. Pharaoh's rule
(1) Rule: Pharaoh is the supreme ruler of the whole country, with all the powers of the army, politics, finance and God. The king often punishes ministers with a scepter.
(2) Crisis: With the intensification of social contradictions, the kingship was challenged, and the decline of kingship was reflected in the small-scale renovation after pyramid of khufu.
Gulianghe river basin 1. Ancient civilization of two river basins
(1) Scope: "Two Rivers" refers to the Euphrates River and Tigris River in West Asia, and the two river basins are also called "Mesopotamia".
(2) Founding of the People's Republic of China: From about 3500 BC, some small cities appeared.
(3) Unification: In about 2400 BC, the initial unification was achieved.
2. The Kingdom of Babylon
(1) Unification: In the 8th century BC/kloc-0, the sixth king Hammurabi completed the unification of the middle and lower reaches of the two river basins and established a unified and powerful slave country.
(2) Rule: the autocratic monarchy system was implemented, centralization was strengthened, and a relatively systematic and complete code was formulated.
(3) Influence: The reign of Hammurabi was the most powerful period of the ancient Babylonian kingdom.
3. code of hammurabi
(1) Status: It is the first relatively complete written code in the world so far.
(2) Content: As can be seen from the code, Babylon was divided into three strict social classes: freemen with civil rights, freemen without civil rights and slaves; Slavery in Cuba and Babylon was quite developed. Prisoners of war are the main source of slaves, and slaves are also bought and sold. Domestic slavery is a major feature.
(3) Significance: The content of the code is very extensive, which can clearly understand the Babylonian society in Cuba. The provisions in the code show that the commodity economy is more active in Babylon.
(4) Evaluation: The code of hammurabi is a precious cultural heritage left by the Babylonian Kingdom of Cuba, which shows that the legal tradition of human society has a long history.
New route 1 opened. Process:
(1) 1487, Diaz of Portugal sailed eastward from Portugal and reached the Cape of Good Hope.
(2) 1492, Columbus (Italian) arrived in America with the support of the Spanish royal family.
(3) 1497- 1498, Portuguese? Gamma (supported by Portugal) arrived in India and other places.
(4)1519-1522, Magellan sailed around the world on the orders of the king of Spain.
2. Impact:
(1) After the opening of the new air route, the traffic from Europe to Asia, America and Africa became increasingly close, and the world began to become a whole.
(2) The prosperity of industrial and commercial economy along the Atlantic coast of Europe promoted the emergence and development of capitalism.
British bourgeois revolution 1. reason
After the opening of the new sea route, Britain took advantage of its unique geographical position to actively develop overseas trade and carry out colonial plunder. With the rapid development of British capitalist economy, the bourgeoisie and the newly born aristocrats are growing day by day. They want to seize power and develop capitalist economy. The autocratic rule of Stuart dynasty became a serious obstacle to the development of capitalism. Therefore, to develop capitalism, we must establish a corresponding social system to protect the interests of the bourgeoisie.
The fundamental reason of British bourgeois revolution is that feudal relations of production hindered the development of capitalist productive forces.
2. Historical significance
(1) Through the bourgeois revolution, Britain established a constitutional bourgeois dictatorship, which cleared the way for the development of British capitalism;
(2) It was a great victory of capitalism over feudalism in human history, which opened the prelude of bourgeois revolutionary movement and promoted the development of human history.