Most of the ink-makers come from the lower classes of society, with the educational aim of "promoting the benefits of the world and eliminating the harm of the world", "the hole mat is not warm, and the ink is not sudden", especially hard training, "short brown clothes, soup from the dustpan, you will get it in the evening" and "stick to your heels, benefit the world, and do it" (Mencius). "Wearing brown fur and sandals, working day and night, taking self-suffering as the extreme", living in poverty. The writer can "go to the soup and jump the blade, never look back when he dies", which means never look back until he dies. Debate between Mohists is called "Mohist debate"; Martial arts practitioners are called "Moxia". Mohism must obey the leadership of the tycoon, and his discipline is strict. According to legend, "Mohist law, the murderer dies and the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu"). For example, the son in the belly of a tycoon killed someone. Although he was forgiven by King Hui of Qin, he still insisted on the "ink maker's law" of "the murderer dies". The man who killed his son in the womb ① There was a tycoon who lived in the State of Qin ②, and his son was killed. King Hui of Qin (4) said, "Although you are old, you must have a son. I have ordered my officials to punish him. I don't know anything about it, sir. " Huang Xiang said: "The Mohist law says,' Whoever kills will be punished if he is hurt.' So it is forbidden to kill. For the world, it is of great significance to prohibit people from killing. Although the king gave it and ordered officials to punish it, the belly "Huang Xiang" had to obey the law of ink. "Don't Wang Hui, and then kill it. Here, what others do is private; Endure its private (5), its righteousness, tycoon can be described as public. —— Selected from Lu Chunqiu Qu Si Note 1: Mohist refers to Mohist. (2) Great wealth: Mohists call people who have made achievements in Mohism "great wealth". ③ Abdomen: name. 4 Qin Wanghui: the monarch of Qin during the Warring States Period. 5 Private: preferred. There was a famous Mohist in Qin called Dantian, and his son killed someone. Qin said to him, "Wang is old and has no son. I have ordered officials not to kill him. " Mr. Wang will listen to me in this matter. "Abdominal Answer": "Mohist laws and regulations stipulate:' The murderer must be put to death, and the injured person must be punished. "This is used to prohibit killing and wounding, and it is a just cause on earth. Although the king took charge of this matter and asked the officials not to kill him, I had to abide by the laws and regulations of Mohism. " He killed his son without Qin's consent. Son, is the preference of people; Have the heart to cut off what you prefer and carry on the righteousness to the end. Huang Xiang is selfless. Center: The author praises a great selfless spirit. According to Mohist regulations, Mohists who are sent to various countries as officials must implement Mohist political ideas; I'd rather resign when I can't. In addition, an official Mohist should donate his salary to the group so as to "share the wealth". Leaders should lead by example. Mohism is a school with leaders, doctrines and organizations, and they have a strong spirit of social practice. Mohism bears hardships and stands hard work, is strict with self-discipline, and takes upholding justice and morality as its first duty. Most of the writers are knowledgeable workers. The early Mohism had a great influence in the early Warring States period, and it was also called Yang Zhu School. Its social ethics takes universal love as the core, advocates "the two are easy to change" and opposes the social hierarchy concept emphasized by Confucianism. It puts forward "mutual love and mutual benefit" and regards Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality and funeral as the way to govern the country. He also opposed the annexation war at that time and put forward the idea of self-destruction. It advocates non-destiny, ambition and knowing ghosts. On the one hand, it denies the destiny, while at the same time acknowledging the existence of ghosts and gods. In the early stage, Mohist school put forward a cognitive method based on experience, which advocated "seeing by hearing" and "taking facts and naming them". Three tables are put forward as a method to test the correctness of understanding. The late Mohism merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, geometry, geometrical optics, statics and other disciplines, which was called "post-Mohism" (also known as "post-Mohism"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in Qin and Han Dynasties. The former inherited the early Mohist social ethics and made great achievements in epistemology and logic. The late Mohist school not only affirmed the role of sensory experience in cognition, but also acknowledged the role of rational thinking in cognition, which overcame the empiricism tendency of the early Mohist school. It also clearly defines the basic categories of ancient logic, such as reason, reason and class, distinguishes three concepts, such as "Da", "Class" and "Private", and studies the forms of judgment and reasoning, which occupies an important position in the history of ancient logic in China. After the Warring States period, Mohism has declined. In the Western Han Dynasty, Mohism basically disappeared after the Western Han Dynasty, due to the policy of Emperor Wu's exclusive respect for Confucianism, the change of social mentality and the hard training, strict rules and noble thoughts that Mohism itself was not accessible to everyone. An important school appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The book Mozi was compiled by Mozi's disciples while giving lectures. The style of writing is unpretentious and lacks literariness, but it is logical. It is good at reasoning with concrete examples, which has greatly developed the reasoning writing and played an important role in the development of later argumentative writing. The founder is a famous thinker Mozi (Mo Zhai [Emperor Yin Di]). Mo Zhai advocates "universal love", "mutual non-aggression" and "Shang Xian", which is in sharp contrast with the Confucian viewpoint.

The basic ideas of Mohism mainly include the following ten points: universal love and complete fraternity (compared with the Confucian ways of treating relatives, such as kissing, filial piety, brothers and friends, and brothers' care). ) extend to other strangers. ) Non-offensive war against aggression. The damage caused by war to the losers, the loss of life and talent, are meaningless acts of sabotage. For the winner, only a few cities and taxes have been harvested, but in general, the damage and losses are also huge, so the war is meaningless. ) Shang Xian is a meritocracy, regardless of rank. Shang Tong is committed to serving the people and benefiting the society. (There is a saying that "Shang Tong" means that the son of heaven is the head of a hundred officials, while the people listen to the officials and are the same. This means "Shang Tong". Tianzhi grasps the laws of nature. (There is a saying that the emperor replaced heaven. Inferred from the same concept, the people acted according to God's will. ) Ming ghosts respect the wisdom and experience of their predecessors. There is a saying that Mohism says that ghosts and gods are not superstitious, hoping to alert Chinese people to evil with the theory of ghosts and gods. ) I am destined to control my own destiny through hard work. Non-music got rid of the shackles of hierarchical music and abolished the tedious and extravagant manufacture and performance of chimes. (Ancient music is time-consuming and expensive, and the country has no production, so it is useless. ) save money to expand production. Oppose luxury and pleasure. Holiday burial will not waste social wealth on the dead. (Confucian burial costs money, but it takes three years. After three years, people are weak and need help to start, which affects the productivity of the country. This is a waste. ) in addition to logic, etc. ; Mozi is also an outstanding scientist. He has made great contributions in mechanics, geometry, algebra and optics, which are beyond the reach of contemporary philosophers. Mohism's achievements in science have been praised by many scholars. Cai Yuanpei, the first director of education in the Republic of China, said: "Mozi was the only person who managed science in the pre-Qin period." Yang Xiangkui, a historian, said, "The scientific and technological achievements of Mohism in ancient China are equal to or exceed those of ancient Greece."