I. Historical content = economy+politics+culture+ ...
Historical content is an objective history and an objective record of major historical activities of mankind.
The main body of the activity includes important historical figures, groups, organizations and institutions.
Activities include economic and political events, situations, systems, policies, programs, routes, plans and treaties; Cultural theory, technology, cultural relics, engineering buildings, books and documents, etc.
The general historical content can be analyzed from the aspects of economy, politics and culture.
1, economic content: productivity+relations of production+economic structure and layout+ ...
(1) Ancient economy = economic system+economic policy+(agriculture+handicrafts+commerce)+economic structure and layout+ ...
(1) economic policy = general policy+land+tax+individual+tax. ...
② Agricultural economy = population+land+tools+water conservancy+crops+layout+ ...
(3) handicraft economy = (textile+mining+ceramics+) ...) (technology+layout+...)
(4) Commodity economy = city+transportation+commodity+market+currency+border trade+foreign trade+ ...
⑤ Economic structure and layout = the change of the proportion of economic components+the change of economic center of gravity+the expansion of economic mode+ ...
The general analysis method of ancient economy is to first analyze the adjustment of economic policies in various periods, and then analyze economic development from agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and other aspects.
For example, the economy of the Tang Dynasty: Firstly, it analyzes the general policy of attaching importance to agriculture and the measures to restore the economy in the early Tang Dynasty, such as land equalization system, rent and commission modulation and so on. Then analyze agriculture, such as the improvement of production tools, the construction of water conservancy, the reclamation of wasteland, grain weaving, population growth and so on. Technology and layout of silk weaving, ceramics and paper making in handicraft industry; The prosperity of urban commerce, the development of national and foreign trade, etc. From the overall development analysis, the commodity economy is still weak, the north-south economy tends to be balanced, and the feudal mode of production expands to the frontier.
2. Modern economy = economic development factors+economic components+international economy+ ...
(1) Economic development factors = technology+capital+market+raw materials+labor+economic structure+management mode+policy+ ...
For example, the factors of American economic development in the second half of 19 century include the labor force and technology brought by immigrants; Western development provides markets and raw materials; Abolish plantation slavery, large-scale agricultural management and monopoly mode.
② Economic composition = natural economy+foreign investment+joint venture+private capital+official capital+state-owned+collective+individual+ ...
For example, in the early days of New China, the landlord economy was eliminated, the rich peasant economy was retained, and the peasant individual economy was developed; Imperialist enterprises and bureaucratic capital in China were confiscated, and national capitalism resumed development; State-owned enterprises have established a dominant position, and the collective cooperative economy has emerged.
③ International economy = overall pattern+(production+management+capital+technology+market+tariff) (cooperation+competition)
For example, the trend of multipolarization, regional collectivization and global modernization in the contemporary world economic structure; It is reflected in the cooperation and competition between countries and groups in production, management, capital, technology, market and tariff trade.
For example, the politics of Ming and Qing dynasties includes the consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic feudal country, the decline of feudal system, the strengthening of absolute monarchy, the internal contradictions of the ruling class, class contradictions, ethnic relations, foreign relations and so on.
(2) Modern politics = political situation+system+regime+system+regime+power+right+ ...
For example, the political situation after the Revolution of 1911 includes political turmoil, the establishment of a republic, the separation of the three powers, Yuan Shikai's usurpation of power, the power struggle of various political forces, and the people's basic rights.
(3) International politics = system+pattern+group+cooperation+war+confrontation+compromise+ ...
Such as: the bipolar pattern under the Yalta system, the confrontation and compromise between the two groups, the cooperation and contradiction within the group, the cold war and the hot war, etc.
3. Cultural content = natural science+social science+cultural exchange+ ...
(1) natural science = (scientific theory+scientific and technological invention) (astronomy+geography+mathematics+physics+chemistry+biology+medicine+agronomy+...)
(2) Social science = thought, religion+education+history+literature+art+ ...
(3) Cultural exchange = (nationality+foreign country) (dissemination+absorption)+cultural status+ ...
4. Events and their course: preparation → start → development or twists and turns → success or failure.
Events refer to people's sudden and intermittent historical activities in a short period of time, such as the Xi incident, the French Revolution, the Second World War and so on. The state of affairs refers to the routine and continuous historical activities that people have been engaged in for a long time, such as the contention of a hundred schools of thought, the Westernization Movement and the industrial revolution. The analysis of events and events should first be carried out in the order of the development of activities, and then the field of activities.
Second, the historical background, reasons and purposes
1, historical background = (domestic+international) (economy+politics+culture+...)
(1) economic background = productivity+relations of production+economic structure+economic pattern+ ...
(2) Political background = political situation+system+system+policy+class+nationality+diplomacy+military+ ...
(3) Cultural background = ideology, religion+science and technology+education+ ...
Such as: the background of the Opium War;
(1) Domestic: 1. Economy: natural economy+budding capitalism+land concentration.
2. Politics: ① Corruption: officialdom+army+finance ② Class contradiction.
3. Thought: Ignorance and arrogance.
(2) International: 1, economy: industrial revolution → market raw materials.
2. Politics: capitalist expansion.
2. Historical conditions: basically the same as background analysis, with more emphasis on favorable factors.
Such as: the historical conditions of the October Revolution;
(1) Domestically: ① Economy: Capitalism has developed into monopoly, relatively backward and living in poverty.
(2) Politics: tsarist autocracy, proletarian growth, revolutionary party maturity, power contrast change, etc.
③ Thought: the guidance of Leninism.
(2) International: Imperialism is busy with World War I, etc.
3. Cause breadth: Cause = subjective (internal cause)+objective (external cause)
⑴ Subjective reasons: the initiation of the event, economic, political and ideological factors within the participants.
⑵ Objective reasons: natural, social environment, external economic, political and ideological factors.
The breadth of reasons is basically the same as that of background analysis, with the background focusing on static analysis and the reasons focusing on dynamic analysis.
For example, the analysis of the causes of the American War of Independence;
(1) internal causes: ① economy: capitalist economic development, unified market, etc.
② Politics: the formation of American nation, bourgeoisie and plantation class.
③ Culture: unified culture, awakening of national consciousness, etc.
(2) External causes: ① British economic plunder and political oppression.
(2) the influence of enlightenment, etc.
4. Depth of cause: cause: → direct → main → fundamental.
(1) Direct cause: the most direct accidental factor (fuse, excuse, etc. ) causes the event to happen.
⑵ Main reasons: including subjective and objective factors that triggered the incident.
(3) Roots: historical trends (development of productive forces, requirements of the times)+subjective needs, etc.
There are both hierarchical differences and contact infiltration between them.
For example, the direct cause of the May 4th Movement was China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference. The main reasons involved various contradictions at home and abroad at that time, including imperialist aggression, the dark rule of Beiyang warlords, the development of national capitalism, the growth of the proletariat, the influence of the October Revolution, the spread of Marxism and other factors. The root cause is the deepest factor among the main causes.
5. Contradiction analysis: contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, contradiction between economic base and superstructure, class contradiction, intra-class contradiction, ethnic contradiction, religious contradiction and contradiction between different interest groups. ...
6. Purpose and motivation: → Direct → Main → Fundamental
(1) Direct motivation: to solve various crises or problems currently facing.
(2) Main purpose: to achieve a certain purpose and achieve stability and development.
⑶ Fundamental purpose: to establish or consolidate the rule and safeguard the interests of the ruling class (fundamental interests).
Purpose and motivation are subjective reasons and the subjective will of the initiator of the incident.
Such as: Wang Anshi's political reform;
Direct motivation: solving social crisis;
Main purposes: increasing fiscal revenue, easing class contradictions and realizing Qiang Bing's prosperity;
The fundamental purpose: to consolidate feudal rule.
Three. Historical influence, significance and lessons
1, nature analysis: task+leadership class+main force+means+result. ...
For example, the analysis of the nature of the Revolution of 1911: the task is to oppose imperialism and feudalism and develop capitalism independently in China; Led by the bourgeoisie, it has a certain mass base and adopts violent revolutionary means; As a result, the feudal monarchy was overthrown and a republic was established, but Yuan Shikai usurped the fruits of victory and did not change the social nature of China. It can be concluded that the Revolution of 1911 was an incomplete and successful bourgeois national democratic revolution.
2. Influence or significance = (domestic+international) (economy+politics+culture)+far-reaching influence. ...
(1) Economic impact = productivity+relations of production+economic structure+economic pattern+ ...
For example, the impact of the third industrial revolution: greatly improved social productivity; Promote the development of state monopoly capitalism; The proportion of tertiary industry has increased; Multi-polarization of the world economic structure and so on.
(2) Political influence = pattern+system+system+regime+policy+class+nationality+ ...
Such as: the influence of the October Revolution: changing the world political structure; Establish a socialist system; Realize the dictatorship of the proletariat; Stimulate the world proletarian revolution and national liberation movement; It marks the beginning of modern world history.
(3) Cultural influence = thought+technology+education+literature and art+ ...
For example, the cultural influence of the two Opium Wars: the idea of "Western learning spread to the east" and "Chinese style and western use", the introduction of modern western science and technology, the development of modern education, and the rise of patriotic literature.
3, judge the success or failure and reasons
(1) The basis for judging success or failure is → direct goal → main task → fundamental task.
(2) Reasons for success or failure = (subjective+objective) (economy+politics+military+strategy+...)
(3) the root of success or failure = (social conditions+class nature) (progress/limitation)
For example, the success or failure of the Revolution of 1911 was analyzed: from the direct goal of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and ending the feudal monarchy, it was successful; Judging from the fundamental task of changing the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, it has not yet been achieved. From the analysis of the reasons for success: including the revolutionary spirit of advance wave after wave, the isolation of the Manchu government, the cooperation of various political forces and so on. From the root causes of failure analysis: including the historical limitations of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China and the class limitations of the national bourgeoisie itself.
4. Lessons or enlightenment: (experience+lessons) → enlightenment
(1) Politics = national conditions+leadership+masses+armed forces+democracy+legal system+thoughts+strategies+ ...
For example, the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party: from the experience, the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party is possible and has achieved certain results. From the lessons, we must master the leadership and armed forces. The enlightenment from this is that cooperation should seek unity in struggle. ...
(2) Economy = productivity+relations of production+objective laws+development strategy+ ...
For example, the experience and lessons of socialist economic construction: we should correctly understand the current situation of the level of productive forces in the primary stage of socialism, adapt the relations of production to the development of productive forces, follow objective economic laws, pay attention to comprehensive balance and sustainable development, and combine macro-control with market competition. ...
(3) Culture = criticism+transformation+inheritance+development+ ...
For example, Marxism must be combined with China's specific national conditions and constantly develop in the exploration of revolution or construction practice.
5, historical evaluation = (positive factors+negative factors) historical facts+conclusion.
(1) Character evaluation = attribute+deeds+influence (progress+limitation)+conclusion. ...
For example, evaluating Li Hongzhang: First, his identity attribute is the representative of the landlord class Westernization School; Then it expounds his concrete deeds in the Westernization Movement, the suppression of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Sino-French War and the Sino-Japanese War from aspects and time sequence. Analyze its positive and negative effects in two, and finally draw a comprehensive conclusion.
(2) Evaluation of events and situations = overview+nature and characteristics+impact.