Editing the History of Beijing Siheyuan Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing Siheyuan has experienced vicissitudes, but this basic living form has been formed and constantly improved, which is more suitable for living requirements and forms the quadrangle form we see today. Beijing Siheyuan is famous for its unique composition, which is typical and representative in traditional residential buildings in China. Most of the residential buildings in China are internal courtyard houses, while the residential courtyards in the south are very small, and the surrounding houses are connected as a whole, which is called "a seal". This kind of residence is suitable for the climate conditions in the south, and the ventilation and lighting are not ideal. The quadrangles in Beijing are spacious and spacious, surrounded by independent houses and connected by cloisters, which is very convenient to live in. The structure of this section of Beijing quadrangle is called four in one. "Four" means east, west, south and north. "Four in one" means that all the houses are surrounded together to form a "mouth" structure. After hundreds of years of construction, Beijing quadrangles have formed a unique Beijing style from plane layout to internal structure and detail decoration. Regular quadrangles in Beijing generally sit in East-West Hutong, facing south. The basic shape is the north room (main room), the south room (inverted room) and the east and west rooms, which are separated on all sides and surrounded by high walls to form a four-in-one and open a door. The gate is located in the southeast corner of the house. Generally, there are 3 rooms in the north room, 5 rooms in the front room, 3 rooms in the east room, 3 rooms in the west room and 4 rooms in the south room, including door openings and hanging doors *** 17. If each room 1 1- 12 square meters, the total area is about 200 square meters. There is a yard in the middle of the yard, which is very spacious. There are flowers and trees in the courtyard and goldfish in the fish tank. It is the center of the courtyard layout, and it is also the place where people walk, light, ventilate, enjoy the cool, rest and do housework. Siheyuan is a closed house with only one street gate outside. The closed door comes from Chengtiandi, which has strong privacy and is very suitable for exclusive residence. In the courtyard, all four houses are open to the courtyard, and the family is happy and beautiful. Because the yard is spacious, you can plant trees and flowers, feed birds and fish, and pile stones to beautify the environment. Residents not only enjoy comfortable housing, but also share the beautiful world endowed by nature. This section contains profound cultural connotations. Although it is a residential building, it contains profound cultural connotation and is the carrier of China traditional culture. The construction of quadrangles pays great attention to geomantic omen. From site selection to determining the specific scale of each building, it must be carried out according to the theory of geomantic omen. Beijing quadrangles are famous all over the world. In old Beijing, besides the Forbidden City, royal gardens, temples, temples and palaces, a large number of buildings are the homes of countless people. An Examination of Old News in the Sun quoted a poem from the Yuan Dynasty: "Clouds open and close three thousands of feet, and there are ten thousand pagodas in the fog." This "one million family" house is now called Beijing Siheyuan. Why is the name of this paragraph called "Siheyuan"? Because this kind of house has four rooms: the main room (north room), the inverted seat (south seat), the east wing and the west wing, which are surrounded on all sides to form a zigzag shape with a central courtyard inside, this quadrangle-style house is called quadrangle. Siheyuan has a long history in China. According to the analysis of existing cultural relics, quadrangle architecture appeared as early as 2000 years ago. In the process of historical development, China people especially like quadrangles, which are not only used in palaces, temples and government offices, but also widely used in local houses. However, as long as people mention quadrangles, they will naturally think of Beijing quadrangles. Why? This is because Beijing quadrangles are relatively regular and typical. Among all kinds of quadrangles, Beijing quadrangle can best represent its main characteristics. First of all, the central courtyard of Beijing Siheyuan is basically square in plan, but some houses in other areas are not. For example, the courtyards of quadrangles in Shanxi and Shaanxi are vertical rectangles long from north to south and narrow from east to west, while quadrangles in Sichuan and other places are mostly horizontal rectangles long from east to west and narrow from north to south. Secondly, the houses in the east, west, south and north directions of Beijing Siheyuan are independent, and the east and west wing rooms are not connected with the main building and the inverted building itself. Moreover, the main building, wing room, inverted building and other houses are all on the first floor. There are no buildings, only the veranda at the corner connects these houses. In this way, the Beijing quadrangle has a bird's eye view from the air, just like four small boxes enclosing a yard. In many quadrangles in the south, the surrounding houses are mostly buildings. At the four corners of the courtyard, the houses are connected together, and the houses in the east, west, north and south do not exist independently. Therefore, southerners call the courtyard "patio", which shows that the courtyard in the south of the Yangtze River is as small as a well, which inevitably reminds people of the idioms of "frog in the well" and "sitting in the well and watching the sky". The typical representative of Beijing quadrangle is a veritable quadrangle, which is spacious, sunny and has a broad vision. Another point is that the cultural connotation of Beijing Siheyuan is rich, which fully embodies the traditional living concept of China. For example, the quadrangles of the Han nationality in Northeast China (rural quadrangles in Northeast China) conform to the first two characteristics of Beijing quadrangles, but do not have the characteristics of rich cultural connotations. For example, the single-door quadrangle in Northeast China (in China, the tradition is mostly in the form of double doors) and the practice of setting an "inverted door" behind the hall as a storage room all make people feel that it is a continuation of the poor people's habits brought by immigrants who "ran to Kanto" in Shandong and other places in the Qing Dynasty. It is precisely because of the above characteristics that people often regard Beijing Siheyuan as a typical representative form of China Siheyuan dwellings. The quadrangular gate generally occupies the area of a room, and the parts are quite complicated. Only the names are gatehouse, doorway, gate (door leaf), door frame, waist seal, plug, walking board, door pillow, sill, threshold, door pin, big edge, plastering, threading, door core plate and door cymbal. The gate is generally black oil, and red oil and black couplets can be added. Into the gate, there are hanging flower doors, moon doors and so on. Hanging flower door is the most gorgeous decorative door in quadrangles. It is called "hanging flowers" because the eaves of the door are arched to separate the inner and outer courtyards. Outside the door is the living room, concierge, garage and other "outhouses", while inside the door is the bedroom "inner room" where the master lives. If there is no hanging door, you can use the moon door to separate the inner and outer rooms. Although there are certain regulations on the scale of quadrangles in Beijing, there are different sizes of quadrangles, which can be roughly divided into three types: large quadrangles, middle quadrangles and small quadrangles. Small quadrangles generally have three north rooms, one bright and two dark or two bright and one dark, two east and west rooms and three south rooms. Bricklaying to the top, roof tile house. Can live in a family of three generations, the ancestors live in the main room, the younger generation lives in the wing, and the south room is used as a study or living room. The yard is paved with a brick tunnel, which connects all the doors, and there are steps in front of each door. There are two doors, decorated with black paint and oil, with a pair of brass cymbals and couplets on the doors. The quadrangle of the middle quadrangle is more spacious than the small quadrangle. Generally, there are 5 rooms in the north house, 3 rooms in the front house and 2 rooms in the east and west house. There is a corridor in front of the house to avoid the wind and rain. In addition, the courtyard wall is divided into front yard (outer yard) and backyard (inner yard), and the courtyard wall is connected by the moon gate. The front yard is deep and simple, with one or two houses as doormen and the backyard as folk houses. The building is exquisite, and the ground is paved with brick and bluestone. Large quadrangles The large quadrangles are customarily called "big houses". Houses can be located in five south and five north, seven south and seven north, and there are even nine main rooms 1 1, which are generally compound quadrangles, that is, they are formed by deep connection of multiple quadrangles. There are many courtyards, including front yard, backyard, east yard, west yard, main yard, side yard, cross yard, study yard, enclosed house yard, horse number, first entrance, second entrance, third entrance and so on. There is a handwritten veranda in the yard connecting various places, covering a huge area. If the floors available for building are narrow, or the economic bearing capacity is unbearable, the quadrangle can be changed into a three-story quadrangle instead of the south building. Small and medium-sized quadrangles are generally the houses of ordinary residents, and the big four-in-one is a mansion and official residence.