From the perspective of oil use, the history of world oil development can be summarized into three stages.
1) kerosene age
The modern petroleum industry has developed slowly since the 1950s of 19. At that time, people only extracted kerosene from oil for lighting. Kerosene lamp became the most fashionable and bright lamp in the world at that time. As for gasoline lighter than kerosene and other components heavier than kerosene in petroleum, they are regarded as inflammable and explosive dangerous goods or dirty and smelly waste products and should be discarded as soon as possible.
2) gasoline age
1878 The internal combustion engine was invented successfully, and 1885 the automobile came out. A large number of cars need gasoline; Motorcycles, propeller planes and motorboats also use internal combustion engines and need gasoline. However, the gasoline components contained in petroleum are limited, so the cracking process of reforming and splitting into gasoline components came into being, which promoted the development of petroleum industry. From 1900 to 1940, crude oil was mainly used to refine gasoline, so it was called the gasoline age.
3) the era of fuel and chemical raw materials
After 1940, the development of chemical industry needs petroleum products as its high-quality raw materials, and a new petrochemical industry with petroleum and natural gas as raw materials has gradually formed. From 195 1 to 1967, the United States and other developed countries have basically completed the historic transformation of oil replacing coal as primary energy. In addition, with the development of modern jet aircraft and aerospace industry, high-quality petroleum products are needed as fuel, and the petroleum industry will inevitably develop into the era of fuel and chemical raw materials.
The first oil crisis in the world occurred in 1973, and oil prices rose sharply, ending the era of cheap oil. This also urges countries to look for new alternative energy sources and strive to improve the level of consumption reduction and energy saving, but the era of petroleum fuels and chemical raw materials will continue for a long historical period.
2 World oil and gas reserves
1) crude oil reserves
The distribution of world crude oil reserves is extremely uneven, and most of them are concentrated in a few regions and countries. In 20 13, the world's proven remaining recoverable oil reserves were 2252.76× 108t, of which Venezuela accounted for 407.86× 108t, accounting for 18. 1% of the global total reserves, ranking first in the world. The crude oil reserves in the whole Middle East are close to half of the world's total reserves.
The Middle East is known as the "world oil treasure house" because of its high crude oil output, low investment, low cost and high efficiency. The Middle East is currently the largest oil producing area in the world and the largest crude oil exporting area. Crude oil is mainly exported to the United States, Japan and Western Europe. Therefore, the output of crude oil in the Middle East directly affects the international crude oil price. Three wars in the Middle East, two world energy crises and the Gulf War of 199 1 are all related to oil in the Middle East.
In 20 13, the countries with the world's top proven remaining recoverable reserves 10 are shown in table 6- 1.
Table 6- 1 20 13 proven remaining recoverable reserves of major oil producing countries in the world
2) Natural gas reserves
In 20 13, the proven recoverable reserves of global remaining natural gas are198.9×10/2m3. The most abundant natural gas resources in the world are the Russian Far East, followed by the Middle East, and the natural gas reserves in Latin America are also considerable. Among them, the remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas in the top 10 countries in the world are shown in Table 6-2.
Table 6-2 Remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas in major gas producing countries in the world in 2013 years
In 20 13, the proven remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas in China ranked 13 in the world.
International petroleum organizations and companies
The petroleum industry is an international industry. At present, more than half of the world's annual oil production is tradable. On the world oil stage, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the oil "Seven Sisters" are two decisive forces.
1) international oil company
Oil "Seven Sisters" refers to seven international oil companies. They are ExxonMobil, Shell Oil Company, Mobile Company, Texaco Company, BP Company, Chevron Oil Company and Gulf Oil Company. Although the world's major oil companies are transnational monopoly organizations, there is no formal organization, only a series of agreements. They both unite and fight for their own interests. The birth of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries has shaken the monopoly of multinational oil companies on oil exploration, development and price. After gradual mergers and acquisitions, the oil "Seven Sisters" has now merged into four major international oil companies: ExxonMobil, BP, Shell and Chevron. Figures 6-5, 6-6, 6-7 and 6-8 are the symbols of four international oil companies respectively.
Figure 6-5 Shell
Figure 6-6 ExxonMobil Company
Figure 6-7 BP
Figure 6-8 Herringbone
2) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
1960 in September, representatives of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad and decided to unite against western oil companies and safeguard oil revenue. On September 14, the five countries announced the establishment of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Later, Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and other countries joined in succession, and the number of member countries reached 13, becoming an international oil organization of some major oil producers in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 1 99265438+1October1,Ecuador officially withdrew. Iraq was sanctioned by the United Nations after the Gulf War and has not yet returned to the oil market. At present, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries has 12 member countries and its headquarters is in Vienna.
The purpose of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is to coordinate and unify the oil policies of member countries and determine the most appropriate means to safeguard their respective and common interests. Opec mainly struggles in the following three aspects: share participation, oil nationalization movement and economic assistance to developing countries.
In 20 13, the proven remaining recoverable oil reserves of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries were 1644.99× 108t, accounting for 73% of the world's total reserves, among which the top three member countries were Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq. The oil output of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is 15347.7× 108t, accounting for 40.8% of the world oil output, among which the top three member countries are Saudi Arabia, Iraq and the United Arab Emirates.
4 World Petroleum Industry Prospects
How long can oil resources last? This is a topic of great concern to everyone. In the 1970s, there was a pessimistic view that "oil resources are about to be exhausted and the oil industry is about to come to a dead end". In fact, with the progress of science and technology, people's understanding of underground resources is deepening, and the amount of oil and gas resources is also increasing. In the 1940s, it was predicted that the petroleum resources were 500× 108t. 1The first1World Petroleum Congress held in London in 1983 estimated that the global oil resources were 2460×108t; ; 1994 The 14th World Petroleum Congress held in Stavanger, Norway predicted that the oil resources would be 3113x108t; At the 6th World Petroleum Congress held in Calgary, Canada, in 2000, the US Federal Geological Survey announced their evaluation conclusion: the global oil resources are 4 138× 108t, and the natural gas resources are 435.85× 10 12 m3. In the future, with the further improvement of human ability to understand nature, the evaluation value of oil and gas resources will be improved and the resource base for the development of petroleum industry will also be expanded.
According to the year-end statistics released by OGJ on February 2, 2065438+03, it is estimated that the global oil (including crude oil and condensate oil) output will increase slightly by 0.8% to 37.64×108t; At 2013; The world's remaining proven oil reserves increased by 0.4%, reaching 2252.76× 108t, which can be exploited for 60 years at the current exploitation rate. The remaining proven reserves of natural gas in the world are close to199×1012m3, with a year-on-year increase of 3.4%. According to the production data of 20 12, the global natural gas can still be exploited for 57 years.
With the progress of science and technology, unconventional oil and gas resources such as heavy oil, high pour point oil, asphalt sand, shale oil and coalbed methane are also being widely developed and utilized. Especially the exploitation and utilization of natural gas hydrate buried in deep sea and frozen soil will become a reality in the near future. Therefore, we have every reason to believe that the potential of oil and gas resources in the world is enormous. In the next 50 years, oil and natural gas will remain an important energy source for China's economic development and an important factor for maintaining the balance of the world's economic, political and military structure.