The most important thing is that both the Mongolian Empire in the early Yuan Dynasty and the Northern Yuan Dynasty after the Yuan Dynasty are in the same strain in historical evolution. In other words, the real duration of the Yuan Dynasty was from 1206, when Genghis Khan established Great Mongolia, to 1402, when the imperial concubine Lichi usurped the throne. The name of Dayuan was cancelled and the ancient name of Tatar was restored, which lasted for 197 years.
It is a typical lie to say that he is a short-lived dynasty.
However, as the first minority dynasty in the history of China, the Yuan Dynasty was destined to be a maverick in the history of China. Coupled with the historical division with China characteristics, for example, the Southern Song Dynasty, which lost its Central Plains, can be called the continuation of the Song Dynasty, while the Northern Yuan Dynasty, which lost its Central Plains, is selectively ignored, so the Yuan Dynasty is still a short-lived dynasty with only 98 years left, especially compared with the Liao Dynasty, which lost 2 19 of its Central Plains.
So what caused the brief embarrassment of the Yuan Dynasty? According to Shi, there are the following points:
1, the vacillating sinicization reform
As a minority dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, like other minority dynasties in Chinese history, is doomed to be unable to avoid the question of whether to develop in Chinese.
The sinicization of the Yuan Dynasty began in the Mongolian era. During the reign of Wokuotai, Lu Yechu, an adviser to the Khitan, wrote many times, demanding that the killing of Han people be reduced, the farmland and production methods of Han people be preserved, and the wealth of Mongolian nobles be increased through taxation.
However, Wokuotai's "stopping killing" was limited to the need to plunder the wealth of Han people. Wokuotai can't deny Mongolia's rule according to the laws of China by imitating the ancient book recording system in the Central Plains.
It was Kublai Khan who really started the sinicization of Mongolia. Kublai Khan, a counselor of the Han nationality, not only weighed Khan in Kaiping according to the Chinese law, but also fought with the Alibaba brothers for five years. It also built Dadoucheng in imitation of the methods of the Han people, and took "Great Gan Yuan" in the Book of Changes as the title of the Yuan Dynasty. Most importantly, Kublai Khan established Zhenjin as the prince according to the Han tradition.
However, due to the congenital deficiency of the "home is the world" model, sinicization, as the embodiment of Kublai Khan's personal will, is obviously unsustainable. More importantly, after the early death of Prince Jin Zhen, Kublai Khan gradually lost patience with Han bureaucrats, and the process of sinicization came to an abrupt end.
Imperial examination is one of the symbols of China, which was only resumed in Yuan Renzong (13 13) and abolished twice in Yuan Shundi's reign.
The sinicization of the Yuan Dynasty led to an extremely fierce division and struggle among Mongolian high-level. The most direct reaction of this struggle is that every change of the throne in the Yuan Dynasty was a bloody attack and killing. In 1998, Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan reigned for 24 years, the last emperor Yuan Shundi reigned for 36 years, and the remaining 38 years were shared by nine emperors, showing the tragic high-level struggle in the Yuan Dynasty.
Frequent infighting greatly consumed the vitality of the Yuan Dynasty and led to its short-lived demise.
2. There are too many easing policies.
According to history textbooks, the important reason for the demise of the Yuan Dynasty was the inhuman four-class system, which was similar to the cruel oppression of the Indian caste system, and made the vast number of Han people rise up in succession.
However, this kind of conclusive historical data does not exist in history. Even though the Mongolian Empire killed countless people in the process of going south, they discriminated against the Han people as rulers, but the four-tier system did not exist.
Moreover, the policy of the Yuan Dynasty was more relaxed than before, which also led to the Yuan Dynasty becoming a rare era of cultural prosperity in the history of China.
The most fundamental reason for this situation is that the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty lacked reference and practice on how to rule a diversified empire.
For the vast majority of Han people, Mongolia is a real minority with such a small population that it is not enough to implement the right to first night.
Desperate population differences made the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty finally choose "self-destructive" rule. Compared with the courtship of the landlords and gentry of the Han nationality by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty focused on big landlords such as aristocratic families and ignored the gentry with lower status. This made the social stratum of the Yuan Dynasty break greatly, and the excessive autonomy at the bottom provided the possibility for the people to rise up.
Since the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, although there is a hidden rule that "the kingship belongs to the county government", the personal control of the rulers over the people has been strengthened all the time, while the Yuan Dynasty has experienced a great retrogression.
Facts have proved that it was the relatively loose policy of governing the country that made the Yuan Dynasty easily overthrown in the bonfire of peasant uprising. Without the support of landlords and gentry, Yuan Shundi had to flee to the Mongolian Plateau to continue herding sheep.
Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding father of the Ming Dynasty who overthrew the Yuan Dynasty, went to a country ruled by law with strict criminal law after summing up the historical lessons of "losing power and humiliating the country" in the Yuan Dynasty.