First, ancient times
Yuanmou, Yunan Yuanmou, was the earliest known human being in China about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago.
Beijingers lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago. Evaluation: 1, using natural fire; 2. manufacturing tools.
Neanderthals at the top of Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing about 18000 years ago. Evaluation: 1, artificial fire; 2. Enter the clan commune.
Hemudu clan Hemudu village in Yuyao, Zhejiang province is a matriarchal clan about 7000 years ago. Evaluation: 1, using pottery, eating surplus; 2. Plant rice.
Banpo Family in banpo village, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. Evaluation: 1, advanced tools (Neolithic age); 2, planting and collecting; 3. Original text.
The middle and late Dawenkou culture in Shandong was about 4000 and 5000 years ago. Evaluation: 1, human society has entered the paternal line; 2. polarization between the rich and the poor.
Huangdi and Yan Di lived in the Yellow River valley more than 4000 years ago. Tribal alliance between Huangdi and Yan Di-the backbone of the Chinese nation. Descendants of the Yellow Emperor
Yao, Shun and Yu —— The system of democratic election of leaders in tribal alliances: "Give way"
According to Sima Qian's historical records, the hereditary system of the throne was established around 2070 BC to replace the abdication system.
Second, business and week.
Tang was founded in 65438 BC+0600 BC. In BC 1300, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved to Yin. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was found on tortoise shells and animal bones in Yin Ruins. Simuwu Dafang Ding-the largest bronze ware in the world. Four sheep and a square statue.
Around 1 1 century BC, West Zhou Wuwang attacked Konoha. Zhou Pingwang-Luoyi (Pingtung moves eastward. Enfeoffment system; Well-field system: the land is divided into squares, criss-crossing like a well.
The Spring and Autumn Period was a period of disintegration of slave society.
Qi Huangong dominates 1, Guanzhong reforms-the country is strong; 2, respect the king and be arrogant.
The battle of Chengpu, Shanxi wins, Chu loses. Wuyue War.
The dialectical thought of Laozi's Taoist Tao Te Ching is "fortunes depend on each other; Happiness lies in misfortune "and" inaction "
Founder of Confucius Confucian School. Political proposition: "benevolent government" and "rule by courtesy". Educational achievements: a, setting up private schools; B, "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "Learning new things by reviewing old ones"
Sun Tzu's "The Art of War" "Know yourself and know yourself."
During the Warring States period, the feudal system was established.
Shang Yang reform 1, abandoned ore field, building. Recognize private ownership of land and establish the status of landlord class) 2. Reward the war of ploughing (against slave owners). 3. Establish a county system (strengthen centralization). Results: Qin became stronger and stronger, which laid the foundation for the unification of Qin Shihuang.
Dujiangyan, Qin Shu, Garrison of Ritual, Chengdu near Minjiang River Basin.
Handan Wanye iron industry
The four steps of Bian Que's diagnosis: "looking, smelling, asking and feeling"
Lu Ban
Mohist Mozi "loves" but "does not attack" and opposes the martyrdom of slave owners.
Mencius, the Confucian school, values the people, values the monarch, and is benevolent. Those who do things govern others, and those who do things govern others.
Xunzi (materialism) "grasp fate and use it"
Taoist Zhuangzi said, "Whoever steals a hook will be punished, and whoever steals a country will be a vassal."
Legalist Han Feizi's "rule of law" suppressed the people's resistance with severe punishment and laws.
Military strategist Sun Bin Sun Bin's Art of War
Qu Yuan's Songs of Chu Li Sao
Ancient Egypt
The first civilization in ancient Egypt (from late 4000 BC to early 2000 BC)
First, the occurrence of Egyptian civilization.
Natural Environment and Residents Egypt is located in the northeast of Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea in the north, the Red Sea in the east, Nubia (now Ethiopia and Sudan) in the south and Libya in the west. Geographically speaking, both sides of Egypt are deserts, and there are several large shoals in the south, so it is difficult to communicate with the outside world. Only through the Sinai Peninsula in the northeast can we communicate with West Asia more conveniently. Therefore, ancient Egypt was isolated.
The Nile runs through Egypt and is formed by the confluence of the White Nile originating in Central Africa and the Blue Nile originating in Sudan. The Nile, which flows through forests and grasslands, floods regularly from July to June every year, 165438+ 10, and irrigates the dry land on both sides. Sediment containing a lot of minerals and humus flows down the river and gradually deposits on both banks, becoming fertile black soil. The ancient Egyptians therefore called their country "Kemet" (meaning "black land"). Herodotus, an ancient Greek historian, said, "Egypt is a gift from the Nile."
Since ancient times, Egypt has been geographically divided into narrow valley areas (Upper Egypt) and relatively open and flat Nile Delta areas (Lower Egypt). It hardly rains all the year round in the valleys of Egypt, and the climate is very dry. Water for production and living depends entirely on the Nile. Only the northern delta is affected by the Mediterranean monsoon.
From a large number of sculptures and paintings left by ancient Egypt, we can see that the ancient Egyptians are characterized by tall figure, dark hair, low forehead, thick eyelashes, dark eyes, straight nose, wide face, wide shoulders, dark skin and strong physique. Their body shape and appearance are different from those of ancient Libyans and Nubians, and they are also different from those of ancient Asians, and they have their own unique characteristics.
The emergence of civilization-Egypt is one of the cradles of human civilization, which experienced its own Paleolithic and Mesolithic times. Egyptian Neolithic culture (Merimda culture on the western edge of the delta, Fayong culture in central Egypt, Tasa-Badali culture, etc. ) is a mixed culture of agriculture and animal husbandry. Although it is still controversial when and where Egypt's agriculture originated, its agricultural culture was quite developed in 6000-5000 BC, and the use of bronzes laid the foundation for the early emergence of its civilization.
In the following pre-Egyptian dynasty I, namely the Nigada culture I (also known as Amrat period, about 4000-3500 BC), private ownership and class relations sprouted in Egypt. Some symbols were engraved on the pottery found in some tombs belonging to this period; Each tomb has its own unified symbol, which is probably the symbol of its private rights. At the end of this period, an image of the red crown (with cobra as its symbol), one of the symbols of kingship, was found on a black-topped pottery jar in the tomb of Nigada 16 10. On a piece of pottery found in a grave (Tom Bunol. At the turn of the first phase of Negada culture and the second phase of Negada culture, there is an image of an Horus eagle, which symbolizes the kingship (this is also one of the symbols of kingship). This shows that the kingship has also sprouted. In Dior Spogli? Palver also found a model of a city wall, which shows the growth of social unrest and even the existence of war.
By the second period of the pre-dynasty, that is, the second period of Nigada culture (also known as Grce period, about 3500-3 BC100 BC), private ownership was gradually established in Egypt, and classes were gradually formed. As can be seen from the tombs at this time, in some places, class differentiation is very fierce. Painted graves were found in Nigada and Sheila Campoli, which were very different from the simple graves of ordinary people. For example, Sheila Campoli's painted tomb is made of bricks with paintings on the wall. Its content is about the war scene (land and water war), which may reflect some activities of the tomb owner (scholars think it may be the king) before his death. The painting on a piece of textile fragments found in Gerberlin also reflects the class differentiation. There are some boats painted on this textile. Some people are paddling and another is sitting on it. This man is obviously a nobleman. The Scorpion King wears a white crown symbolizing kingship (symbolized by an eagle) on his head and a oxtail on his waist, which is much higher than ordinary people. At this time, the ivory board left behind has the image of prisoners of war with their hands tied, and these prisoners of war will become slaves. On the head of scorpion kingship, there are also scenes of slave labor. This kind of blessing with a national flag hanging on the head of power is regarded by scholars as an ideographic symbol representing civilians. Characters appeared in the second phase of Nigada culture, but they were still primitive.
In the second late period of Nigada culture, with the establishment of private ownership and the formation of class, a country appeared in Egypt. At this time, the country is very small and the population is not large. The Egyptians called this small country Spatz, and its hieroglyphic symbol is, indicating a land intertwined with irrigation canals. In Egypt at that time, there were several such small countries. Among these small countries, there is a city centered on government agencies, palaces and temples. Its hieroglyphic symbol is. It means that the city is built on the main road, surrounded by walls and becomes a fortress. There are many sculptures and paintings that reflect the existence of war in this period. In addition to the marine maps in the above tombs, there are also marine maps on ivory handles unearthed in Arak, battlefield palettes and so on. At this time, the kingship has been formed, like the scorpion king on the head of the scorpion king, who may be both a chief executive and a military leader, and also serve as a priest, presiding over sacrifices, leading agriculture and building water conservancy projects. However, at this time, the Egyptian state has just formed, and the power of the nobility is definitely still very strong. The power of the king is probably bound by the nobility, and the king is not an absolute monarch.
In Sheila Campoli, cultural relics of two kings at the end of the former dynasty, Scorpion King and Kaka King, were discovered. Regarding the Scorpion King, a cultural relic named after him was also found in Tula, near Cairo in northern Egypt. Combined with the inscription on the head of Scorpion King Quan, scholars speculate that he may have conquered the north and even controlled this area, which is the earliest evidence of Egyptian reunification.
Second, the ancient kingdom period and the first intermediate period.
The socio-economic situation of the ancient kingdom, including the 3rd-6th dynasties, was about 2686-2 18 1 year BC, and its capital was Memphis. The construction of the pyramids began in this period, and the largest pyramid was also built in this period, so the ancient kingdom period is also called the pyramid period.
The ancient kingdom period was a period of great development of slavery economy in ancient Egypt. The unification of the country has created a relatively stable environment for social and economic development; The construction of larger-scale irrigation system provides important conditions for the development of agriculture. All major crops (such as barley, wheat, flax, grapes, figs, etc. What later generations planted in Egypt was already planted during the ancient kingdom. In terms of farm tools, slave owners used heavy plows pulled by two cows economically, which was much more advanced than using simple wooden plows to cultivate land. From the paintings in the tombs of nobles, it can be seen that the agricultural technology is relatively primitive as a whole, but because the silt deposited after the Nile flooded is very fertile, the grain output can still feed the huge ruling class state machine and the vast number of craftsmen in the ancient kingdom.
The development of agricultural production provides important conditions for the development of handicrafts. Construction, mining, metallurgy, metal processing and manufacturing are all well developed. In recent years, hundreds of bronze statues unearthed at the entrance of the pyramid of Ushekafo, the king of the Fifth Dynasty, show that the handicraft industry in the ancient kingdom period was very developed, and Egypt may have entered the Bronze Age at this time. The pyramids and their affiliated buildings (temples) not only illustrate the superb architectural level at this time, but also illustrate the development of mining and transportation. It can be seen from the names of some kings in the ancient kingdom left by Sinai that at least at this time, the Egyptians had been mining copper in Sinai. Animal husbandry, which mainly raised pigs, sheep, cows and donkeys, occupied a certain position in the economy of the ancient kingdom. Especially in the delta area rich in aquatic plants, there are good conditions for developing animal husbandry.
National unity and social and economic development provide conditions for the development of domestic and foreign trade. However, the domestic trade of the ancient kingdom remained at the level of barter. The street barter scene painted in the Tomb of the Noble can be used as evidence. The housing sales contract left at this time is also an example of this situation. The wages of craftsmen are paid in kind, such as oil, bread, vegetables, clothes, etc. Occasionally, there is copper, but not as money, but like other physical objects, it is mentioned in the inscriptions of many noble tombs. Foreign trade is controlled by the state, and the state or the king often sends caravans abroad. This foreign trade is often combined with foreign plunder. In the economy of the ancient kingdom, the royal family economy, the temple economy and the bureaucratic aristocratic slave owner economy accounted for a large proportion, which can be said to be dominant. They occupy a large amount of land and labor and have extremely strong economic strength. In their economy, including agriculture, handicrafts, animal husbandry, fisheries, gardening and other parts, they are basically a self-sufficient whole, rarely need to go to the market to buy goods, and have little contact with the market. In the ancient kingdom, there were roughly the following types of land occupation: land occupied by the state (including Nome), land occupied by kings, land occupied by temples, and land occupied by bureaucrats and nobles. There is no direct information about small producers or rural communes. The inscription on the tomb of Mei Teng, a great official who lived at the turn of 3-4 dynasties, said that he got 200 figurines of cultivated land (1 figurine is equal to 2375 square meters) from Nisutiu ("people of the king"). It is speculated that these Nissuti people may be small producers or commune members, but they can't say anything exact because of the lack of more information.
All kinds of slave owners not only exploit slaves, but also exploit other workers who have lost the means of production. In the ancient kingdom, they mainly exploited a laborer named Maite. Due to economic development and other reasons, a large number of workers lost their land, or went to work on the land of slave owners to get rations and clothes, or rented the land of slave owners and paid taxes. In the tombs of nobles, farmers were tied up and hanged because they could not pay the rent, which shows that the situation of workers is very miserable. Farmers in the ancient kingdom had to perform hard labor and military service, and their burden must be very heavy.
Monarchical autocracy In the ancient kingdom period, the autocratic monarchy in Egypt began to be established, which can be seen from many aspects.
King's control over executive power: In the ancient kingdom, the king was the symbol and representative of state power. Under the king, there is a Prime Minister (called Visir by modern Egyptian scholars in Arabic), who presides over daily affairs and is in charge of administrative, judicial, economic and religious affairs, with considerable power. But the decision is not in the hands of wiesel, but in the hands of the king. Visil also has no military power. Vesil was appointed by the king, as were other senior officials. These officials are all responsible to the king and thank him for his favor.
The king's control over the national economy: In the ancient kingdom, the king not only directly occupied a lot of wealth such as land and labor, but also controlled the country's land, irrigation system and foreign trade, and all the spoils were also owned by the king. Inscriptions such as Palermo Stone Tablet record that kings donated land and labor to temples and land to nobles during the ancient kingdom. Kings can even use the manpower and material resources of the whole country to build pyramids for themselves and their loved ones. I am a country, and the economic performance is to put the national finance under the control of the king.
King's control over the army: The ancient kingdom had a relatively strong army, which was the main material force of absolute monarchy. This army is not only used for internal repression and rule, but also for foreign wars. This army is under the direct command of the king. During the war, the king often used his private expeditions. Sometimes, although he sent people to lead the expedition, he often reported to the king or asked him for instructions. The army is probably composed of two parts: the standing army and the temporarily recruited troops. Most of the troops stationed in the border fortress are standing troops. The Biography of Minister Wu Ni clearly recorded the temporary recruitment in wartime.
The king's control over judicial power: there are no legal documents such as codes handed down from ancient Egypt. Although some materials have mentioned the scrolls, modern people have never seen them. In ancient Egypt, the king's word was the law. The king can issue decrees equivalent to laws, and some decrees about the temple economy in the late ancient kingdom have been preserved. There were two kinds of courts in ancient Egypt: secular courts and temple courts. Visier is the highest judge of the secular court, and he hears general major cases. But the king can intervene in judicial trials, and he can appoint judges to try some cases himself. In the Biography of Minister Wu Ni, it is said that the king appointed Wu Ni as a judge to try secret cases in the inner palace. Temple courts generally only deal with minor civil disputes.
The king's control over local administration: The most important administrative unit in the ancient kingdom was Nome (state), and its chief executive was Normal Herr (governor). The governor is hereditary and appointed by the king. A hereditary governor can also be formally appointed or approved by the king. Some people can be Mr. Normal with two nouns. Nome manages local administration, commands local troops, maintains local public security, collects state taxes, manages the royal economy and Nome's state real estate, manages local temple affairs and maintains local irrigation systems. During the ancient kingdom, the normal Hector was an old local aristocrat and had a great influence in Bennome. In the early days of ancient kingdoms, kingship could still control them; By the end of the ancient kingdom, the autocratic monarchy was greatly weakened, and the kingship depended on them in many ways, and senior officials were also selected from them. Some local aristocrats even married the king and served as senior officials such as wiesel. Therefore, some normal hector showed great separatist tendencies, and they even enriched themselves by weakening the royal economy. Between Nome and the central government, there was an official residence in Upper Egypt at the end of the 5th dynasty, and Minister Wuni served as the chief official of the official residence in Upper Egypt. Some researchers believe that the official residence in Lower Egypt was established later, probably in 1 1 dynasty. However, the official positions of the leaders of upper and lower Egypt and the leaders of upper and lower Egyptian monks are mentioned in the Biography of Minister Uni, which seems to indicate that the ancient kingdom also established the official residence of lower Egypt. The governor of Upper Egypt was obviously appointed by the king. Judging from the situation of Wuni, its authority includes: collecting taxes on behalf of the state, directing local temporary recruitment in wartime, and so on. May also play the role of monitoring the local normal representative of King hector.
The royal family controls state affairs: the autocratic monarchy in the ancient kingdom period was not only manifested by the king himself directly controlling the main power of the country, but also by the royal family controlling state affairs, and most senior officials were members of the royal family. In the Fourth Dynasty, most of the positions of wiesel were held by princes. Even in the 5th-6th dynasties, a prince held the post of wiesel. In Sakala, one of the six tombs of princes in the 5th-6th dynasties, as Vesil, both of them served as the head of royal affairs and military commanders. At the end of the ancient kingdom, the kingship weakened and local nobles rose. Some local nobles served as Wessel. For example, in the Sixth Dynasty, a wiesel man named Zawu turned out to be a local aristocrat. However, the reason why Zawu can hold the post of wiesel may be related to his two sisters becoming queens.
The king has unlimited authority over his subjects: in ancient Egypt, the king was above the country and all his subjects seemed to be his slaves. When the subjects see the king, they can only kiss the dust at his feet, and it will be a great honor for a man to be allowed to kiss the king's feet. The attitude towards the king reflected in the inscriptions of some officials in the 5-6 Dynasty (such as Wu Ni and others) fully explained the nature of the relationship between monarch and minister at that time. However, the relationship between officials and kings at the turn of 3-4 dynasties reflected in Mei Teng's epitaph seems to be different, and the inscriptions of Henku and Eby in 5-6 dynasties also seem to show that the relationship between local nobles and kings is different. Perhaps, people like Wu Ni are all cronies appointed by the king, so their attitude towards the king is quite different from that of the local nobles.
The kingship was further deified: the autocratic monarchy strengthened the kingship with theocracy and strengthened the rule of the slave owner class. In the early days and before the ancient kingdom, Horus, the eagle god, was the main protector of kingship. The statue of King Ha Fula of the Fourth Dynasty was created by Horus spreading his wings to protect his head. At that time, the king also had the name (title) of Horus. However, during the ancient kingdom, the worship of the sun god La gradually developed and gained the upper hand in the Fifth Dynasty. According to Weist Karl papyrus, the first three kings of the Fifth Dynasty all claimed to be the sons of Rashin, that is, the descendants of Rashin. Since the third dynasty, the king's name has been written in an oval frame. This frame symbolizes the area where the sun shines, and it also means that the king is protected by the sun god. In the ancient kingdom, many kings had Dora's name at the end of their names. In order to get the support of theocracy, the kings of the ancient kingdom donated a lot of land and labor to the temple. Deifying kingship is not only the requirement of kingship itself, but also the need of the ruling class at that time. The deification of kingship also means the deification of the slave owners' class regime. Therefore, it is also tolerated by the slave owner class. To this end, the slave owners in ancient Egypt kept a whole priestly regiment.
The decline and end of the ancient kingdom in the first middle period, due to the intensification of class contradictions, kingship was more dependent on theocracy and local aristocrats. The king gave more and more wealth, such as land and labor, to temples and local nobles, exempting them from taxes, which made the influence of temples and local nobles more expansive and accelerated the decline of kingship. After the long-term rule of King Pepy II of the 6th Dynasty (it is said that he ascended the throne at the age of 6 and lived for 100 years), the unification of the ancient kingdom was finally unable to be maintained, and the absolute monarchy ceased to exist. In the 7th dynasty, Egypt was in a state of division and chaos. According to Maneteau's remnant 23, the 70 kings of the 7th dynasty only ruled for 70 days (and many of them may coexist at the same time, instead of inheriting each other); According to his last article 24, he ruled five kings for 75 days. The confusion and differences recorded in the fragment reflect the confusion of the actual situation at that time. From the 7th dynasty, Egypt was full of small countries, and almost one Nome became a small country. Every normal person feels that he is the king of an independent kingdom and the ruler of his own independent city. They often put the names of local gods in their titles. In order to expand their territory, they fought with each other, which made the situation more chaotic.
Due to the disappearance of the unified situation
Ancient India
The World of Buddha and Dream —— Indian Culture
India is close to China, but we know little about this neighbor because of the high Himalayan snow-capped mountains. "Learning from the Western Heaven" has become synonymous with hardship in the ears of China people. Like the Nile in ancient Egypt and the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in China, the Indus and Ganges rivers also gave birth to splendid ancient cultures.
500 thousand years ago, there were ancient ancestors in the Indian subcontinent. They also slash and burn, fish, hunt and gather, and thrive here. By the Neolithic Age about 10,000 years ago, there were settlements all over India, and people began to engage in agriculture, domesticate livestock and make exquisite household appliances. All these provided fertile soil for the birth of splendid ancient civilization. In the South Asian subcontinent, there is an ancient country, the Himalayas are towering, and the Indian Ocean is vast, magnificent and full of vitality. This is India, known as the "country of the moon". Because its territory is shaped like a cow's head, some people call it "the country with cow's head bones".
India, an ancient country with a wandering civilization.
The Ganges River, starting from the Himalayas and passing through an Asian peninsula surrounded by the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, nourishes this land, breeds splendid civilization and becomes a "holy river" of a country. And this lucky country is India, one of the four ancient civilizations in the world.
India is a melting pot of culture. The unique historical background of this country makes it contain many cultural trends from ancient times to modern times, from west to east, from Asia to Europe and so on. In addition, it is a country composed of five ethnic groups, and it is like a big cultural museum. Mumbai, located on the west bank of the capital New Delhi, is the cultural center, while Calcutta has news about culture every day. A variety of music, dance, ballet and comedy dazzle tourists and make them linger.
Living in a noisy big city for a long time, people yearn for returning to the original. The foundation of Indian traditional music is "nature". It praises the relationship between man and man, man and nature, and man and God. The melodies of the four seasons are all reflected in the traditional tune "Lag"-it is said that the ancients wrote the first "Lag" inspired by the singing of birds in the forest and the burning of branches. As for the content of the song, it originated from religious ceremonies in North India. Today, traditional songs still retain the ancient pronunciation, and the singer's sound quality is pure, which makes the song maintain a simple and pure feeling of hymn. Even if you don't understand the lyrics, you can feel the sacredness and tranquility of nature.
——Natyam, one of the oldest dances in India, means "the art of dancing" in Hindi. In addition to emphasizing the rhythm of dance, it also emphasizes that accompaniment music must be pleasant to listen to, consisting of solemn poems and simple music. This is a sacrificial dance, which can fully reflect the feelings of dancers. It was originally performed by the temple dancers in the temple. The key to this dance is to keep your upper body straight, your legs half bent, your knees apart, and your feet like a half-open fan. Although there are strict action norms, in fact, each actor's performance is different, and most of the time the performance is improvisation, so each Natyam's personal style is very strong.
Soul of Tianzhu-Exhibition of Ancient Indian Bronze Statues
Ancient India is a mythical land with extremely developed religions and philosophies. Therefore, bronze statues in ancient India are often symbols of myths, religious idols and philosophical metaphors, which embody the spirit of the gods. The tradition of bronze statues in India is very long, which can be traced back to bronze dancers in the Indus era from about 2500 BC to 1500 BC. Brahmanism (the predecessor of Hinduism), Buddhism and Jainism appeared in succession in the 9th-6th century BC, which provided an eternal theme for ancient Indian art, including bronze statues. In the Middle Ages of India (7th-/Kloc-0th/3rd century), the bronze statue of India reached its peak.
The earliest civilization in the world-Mesopotamia (Greek means land between two rivers). Civilization (also called "Two Rivers Civilization") originated in Sumer region (middle and lower reaches), a valley between Tigris River and Euphrates River. Mesopotamia is the seat of Babylon, in today's Republic of Iraq.
From 4000 BC to 2250 BC, the civilization of the two rivers reached its peak, which was called "the land of Shinar" in the Old Testament. The fertile soil piled up on both sides of the two rivers is called "fertile crescent zone" in history (South America, which is as famous as the "Golden Triangle", is called "evil crescent zone"). Because the two rivers will not flood regularly like the Nile, it is necessary to observe the astronomical phenomena to determine the time. Su, who lives downstream, invented the lunar calendar, which divided a year into 12 months, totaling 354 days, and invented the leap month, placing 1 1 day different from the solar calendar. Divide an hour into 60 minutes and take 7 days as a week. He can also calculate fractions, add, subtract, multiply and divide, solve quadratic equations with one variable, and invent 10 decimal method and 16 decimal method. They divided the circle into 360 degrees until π was close to 3. Even calculate the area of irregular polygons and the volume of some cones.
In 4000 BC, Ren Sumei first invented hieroglyphics with ideographic and signifier symbols, because most of these characters were carved on bricks, stones or black basalt. On the clay tablet, "the pen is heavy and the imprint is deep", which looks like a wedge, so it is called cuneiform writing.
Ancient Babylon
Hanging gardens are one of the seven wonders of the world. It is said that this garden was built for the Queen by King Nebuchadnezzar II at that time. Because Babylon is located in the desert and the climate is hot. The queen's hometown is warm in spring and cool in summer, which is very comfortable. The queen was ill for a long time because she missed her hometown with rolling hills and lush trees. In order not to make the queen sad, the king ordered the craftsman to build a garden on the rockery. The garden is divided into three layers, with waterways and many exotic flowers and grasses. Seen from a distance, the garden seems to grow in the air, so it is called the hanging garden.
Later, the Nile civilization and the Indus civilization developed under the impetus of the two river civilizations. The Greeks learned mathematics, physics and philosophy from there; Jews learned theology from there and spread it all over the world; Arabs learned architecture from there and used it to educate the whole medieval savage Europe.
Around 2000 BC, the Amorites established the Kingdom of Babylon, with Babylon as its capital. In 1792 BC, Hammurabi ascended the throne, conquered Sumerians and Akkadians, unified the Mesopotamian plain, and promulgated the code of hammurabi, which was the first relatively complete written code in the world, but it was not the earliest, and the earliest was called the Ullner Code. There are 282 code of hammurabi, carved on a 2.25-meter-high black basalt pillar. ..
The five ancient civilizations recognized in the world (in descending order)
The beginning of a country/civilization.
Babylon: 4000 BC to 2250 BC.
Ancient Egypt: 3500 BC ~ 2000 BC
Ancient Greece: before 3000 BC ~ 1 100 years.
Ancient India: 2000 BC
China: The Shang Dynasty was founded in 1600 BC. At present, China, which is recognized by the west, has a history of 3,500 years (there is no evidence in the Xia Dynasty, and if Xia is counted, it was founded in 2070 BC).
The four ancient civilizations are generally used to refer to the regions where the four human civilizations were first born, such as ancient Babylon, ancient Egypt, China and ancient India. However, due to the lack of accurate records of ancient civilizations, the exact time of its birth is still controversial in academic circles. Much knowledge of philosophy, science, literature and art that human beings have today can be traced back to the contributions of these ancient civilizations.
The four major civilizations are all built near the easy-to-survive river platform. In the northern hemisphere, the Nile, Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, as well as the Indus River and Ganges River basins, have successively produced four major civilizations in the world.
Ancient civilization entered the Bronze Age from the Neolithic Age, and then entered the Iron Age 7000 -4000 years ago. Slavery is adopted in most social systems, and state power came into being later. Nome civilization in ancient Egypt is the earliest known civilization in the world.
The four ancient civilizations all have their own myths and legends. They used myths to strengthen their autocratic rule. The Pharaoh of ancient Egypt called himself "phoebus apollo", the Babylonian ruler Hammurabi called himself "the descendant of Luna", and the monarch of China called himself the son of heaven.
The four ancient civilizations all have their own calendars, with leap months divided into 12 months every year. Every civilization has created its own writing. Civilizations in the Indus River, the Yellow River and the two river basins all use pottery wheels to make pottery. Pi has been calculated in Egypt and two river basins, Pythagorean theorem has been discovered in Babylon and China, and Arabic numerals have been invented in India.