1, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (770 BC-22 BC1year) was an era in which a hundred schools of thought contended, talented people came forth in large numbers and the academic atmosphere was active. This is a period of great division in the history of China. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty was destroyed by Qin at the end of the Warring States Period (256 BC), so the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were not completely included in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Emperor of Zhou maintained the authority of co-owner in the world. After Pingdong moved eastward, the Zhou family began to decline in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, only retaining the name of the world's co-owner, with no actual control ability.
Due to the different social and economic conditions, countries in the Central Plains compete for hegemony among big countries, and the merger and hegemony of various countries have contributed to the unification of various regions. Therefore, the social unrest in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty prepared conditions for national reunification.
Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period are divided into Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. The watershed was in 453 BC, when Han, Zhao and Wei wiped out the Zhi family and carved up the State of Jin.
The Spring and Autumn Period, referred to as the Spring and Autumn Period, refers to the period from 770 BC to 476 BC, belonging to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou Wang's influence weakened, and the princes fought with each other. Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Song Xianggong, Qin Mugong, and Chu Zhuangwang have successively dominated, and they are known as the Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period (another way of saying it is that the Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period are Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, Wu Wang He Lu and Yue Wang Gou Jian).
The warring States period, referred to as the warring States period, refers to the period from 475 BC to 22 BC1year. In the history of China, from the late Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the unification of the Central Plains by the Qin Dynasty, countries fought endlessly, so it was called the Warring States Period by later generations. The name of "Warring States" is taken from the Warring States Policy edited and annotated by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty.
2. Wuhu and Sixteen Countries
The Sixteen Kingdoms (304 -439) was a period of great division in the history of China. This period began in 304 AD when Li Xiong and Liu Yuan established their countries in Bashu, Han Dynasty and Han Zhaodi respectively in the Central Plains, and ended in 439 AD when Tuoba Tao (Taizu) of the Northern Wei Dynasty destroyed Beiliang.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the Jiangnan and Jingxiang areas of the Han Dynasty were controlled by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, while the northern and southwestern areas of the Han Dynasty established more than 20 countries.
Sixteen countries, including Han Cheng, Zhao Qian, Houzhao, Liang Qian, Beiliang, Xiliang, Hou Liang, Nanliang, Yan Qian, Houyan, Southern Yan, Beiyan, Xia, Qianqin, Xiqin and Houqin, are very powerful. Cui Hong, a historian of the Northern Wei Dynasty, took sixteen countries as the representative of this period and called them "sixteen countries". The scope covers the central, eastern and western parts of the Han Dynasty, as far as Mobei and the Western Regions.
The internal migration of northern ethnic groups promoted ethnic integration. At the same time, in order to enhance their strength, monarchs of various countries have also implemented some policies to develop production in their respective regions, which has formed a local stable situation in the context of the turmoil in North China.
In the melee between countries, the former Qin and Fu Jian once unified North China, but when they went south to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, they were defeated in the battle of Feishui. Later, in Guandong and the empty Guanzhong, all ethnic groups rebelled one after another. Coupled with the Northern Expedition of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the former Qin Dynasty completely collapsed and the north was once again in chaos. After the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty, after the management of Tuoba GUI, Tuoba Si and Tuoba Tao, North China was finally unified in 439 and entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
The great ethnic integration in this period lasted until the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and finally it was completely integrated in the Sui Dynasty. In addition, almost at the same time, the Western Roman Empire in Europe was also invaded by Germanic, Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples, which was called "barbarian invasion" in history.
3. Five Dynasties and Ten Countries
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979) was a period of great division in the history of China. This title comes from the New History of the Five Dynasties, which is a combination of the Five Dynasties (907-960) and the Ten Kingdoms (902-979).
The Five Dynasties refer to the five dynasties whose capitals were in the Central Plains after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty in 907, namely, Hou Liang, the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty.
In 907 AD, after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen established a back beam in the Central Plains, with Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) as its capital, starting from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao in the later Zhou Dynasty. After usurping the throne in the latter Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty was established, and the Five Dynasties ended.
In the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty, there were many separatist regimes outside the Central Plains. Among them, Qian Shu, Houshu, Nanwu, Nantang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Nanhan, Nanping (Jingnan), Beihan and other more than ten separatist regimes were collectively called "Ten Countries" by the New Five Dynasties History and later historians.
After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the remaining regimes of Jingnan, Wuping, Houshu, Nanhan, Nantang, wuyue and Beihan were unified one after another, basically achieving national reunification.
Extended data:
The order of dynasties in the history of China;
1, Xia dynasty: about 2029 BC-about 1559 BC, total: 47 1 year.
2. Shang Dynasty: about 1559 BC-about 1046 BC, a total of 438 years.
3. Zhou Dynasty: about 65438 BC+0046 BC-256 BC, divided into Western Zhou Dynasty and Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was divided into Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, totaling 867 years.
4. Qin Dynasty: 2265438 BC+0-207 BC. Before 22 1, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified the six countries, first called the emperor, for a total of 16.
5. Western Chu: From 206 BC to 202 BC, Xiang Yu was the overlord of Western Chu for five years.
6. Western Han Dynasty: 202 BC-8 AD, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, a total of 2 10 years.
7. New Dynasty: From the twelfth lunar month in the eighth year of AD to the 23rd year of AD1October 6th, the new emperor Wang Mang founded Emperor Xing, for a total of 16 years.
8. Xuanhan: In 23-25 AD, Liu Xuan, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, changed his name for three years.
9. Eastern Han Dynasty: 25-220 AD, Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, a total of 196.
10, Three Kingdoms: In 220-280 AD, Wei, Shu and Wu were the three pillars, totaling 6 1 year.
1 1, Jin Dynasty: 265-420 AD, divided into Western Jin Dynasty (265-3 16) and Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17-420), with a total of 156.
12, Northern and Southern Dynasties: 420-589 AD, a total of 170.
13, Sui Dynasty: 58 1- 6 18, Sui Wendi, a total of 38 years.
14, Tang dynasty: 6 18-907, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, totally 290 years.
15, Five Dynasties: 907-960 AD, Hou Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty and Later Zhou Dynasty, with a total of 54 years.
16, ten countries: 89 1-979, a total of 89 years.
17, Song Dynasty: 960- 1279, divided into Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127) and Southern Song Dynasty (1 1279), totaling.
18, Yuan Dynasty: A.D. 127 1-1368, Genghis Khan, Yuan Taizu, 98 years in total.
19, Ming Dynasty: A.D. 1368- 1644, Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, a total of 277 years.
20. Qing Dynasty: A.D. 1644- 19 12, the Qing Taizu Aixinjue Luo Nurhachi, a total of 268 years.
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