1, historical location:

Chang 'an, which means "long-term stability", is now the old name of the capital of China's seven ancient capitals. It is called "the four ancient capitals of the world" together with Cairo, Athens and Rome.

From BC 1 1 century to AD1century, three dynasties or regimes, such as Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Sui and Tang, successively established their capitals and political power in Chang 'an, which lasted for more than 1 100 years. In the history of more than 1000 years, Chang 'an, as the national political, economic and cultural center, is famous for its glorious history. And it has always been a local administrative organ-state, county, government, province.

In the second year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1369), Chang 'an was changed to "Xi 'an Mansion", and the city wall was built on the basis of Chang 'an Imperial City in Tang Dynasty, which laid the foundation for Xi 'an City today.

2. Han and Tang Chang 'an:

In the fifth year (202 BC), Gaodi county was established, and its capital was established here seven years later.

Chang 'an in Han Dynasty was founded on the site of Xianyang in Qin Dynasty. According to historical records, "Chang 'an in Han Dynasty is also the site of Xianyang in Qin Dynasty", Zhang Heng's Xijing Fu says that Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty "crossed the Zhou Dynasty to explore the Qin system", and Huang Tu's Preface to Three Fu also says: "Wu Zhao governs Xianyang and takes Han as its capital".

"Old Tang Book Geography" said: "The capital is Xianyang, Qin and Chang 'an, Han. "After King Qin Huiwen, Xianyang continued to expand to the south, and built buildings such as Zhangtai, Xingle Palace, Ganquan Palace, Xin Palace, Epang Palace and Seven Temples in the south of Weihe River. After Liu Bang won the world, under the persuasion of Lou Jing and Sean, he built Chang 'an as his capital. First, the renovation of Qin Xinglong Palace was changed to Changle Palace, and then Weiyang Palace was built on the basis of Qin Zhangtai. Huidi built the city wall and the east and west cities; When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty built Guangming Palace, Gui Palace, Gong Bei Palace and Zhang Jian Palace, Chang 'an of the Han Dynasty was formed. That is to say, Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty was established on the basis of Xianyang, Qin Dou, indicating that the location of the capital was determined by Han Dynasty and Qin Dynasty. The Ques Palace in the Han Dynasty is located in Xi 'an Hancheng Reserve, north of the North Second Ring Road, and the mausoleum of Emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty is located in Xianyang.

Since then, the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty (early Xian Di), the Western Jin Dynasty (Jin Dynasty), the former Zhao Dynasty, the former Qin Dynasty, the later Qin Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, etc. all used it as their capital. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the green forest was red-browed, and at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the peasant uprising army led by Huang Chao also built its capital here. The Han and Tang dynasties were also the center of foreign economic and cultural exchanges. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were residential areas specially designed for foreigners in the city. There are tens of thousands of foreigners living in the Tang Dynasty from all over Asia, as far away as Persia and big food.

In the second year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (582), Daxing City, a new capital, was established in the southeast of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty. After entering the Tang Dynasty, it was renamed Chang 'an, still the capital, only partially built and expanded. The bird's-eye restoration map of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty is 35.56 kilometers long and covers an area of about 84 square kilometers, which is 9.7 times that of Xi 'an City now, 2.4 times that of Han's Chang 'an City, 1.2 times that of Luoyang City in Northern Wei Dynasty, 1.8 times that of Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties and 1.7 times that of Yuan Dynasty.

Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was the first big city with a population of one million in the history of the world. In the population of Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty, besides residents, royalty, dignitaries, soldiers, slaves, monks and nuns, and ethnic minorities, there were no fewer than 30,000 foreign businessmen, messengers, international students, and monks studying abroad. At that time, envoys from as many as 300 countries and regions came to Chang 'an and Tangtong. Tang's scientific and technological culture, political system and diet fashion spread from Chang 'an to all parts of the world. In addition, western culture was digested and recreated by Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty and then spread to Japan, North Korea, Myanmar and other neighboring countries and regions. Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty became a gathering place for business and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and was the largest international metropolis in the world at that time.

Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty consists of three parts: Outer Guo Cheng, Miyagi and Imperial City, with a total area of more than 80 square kilometers. The outer Guo Cheng is rectangular, with a length of 972 1m from east to west, a width of 865 1.7m from north to south, and a circumference of 36.7km There are three doorways on each side, except for the south main entrance, Mingde Gate, which has five doorways. Miyagi is located in the northern center of Kuocheng, with a rectangular plane, with a length of1492m from north to south and a length of 2820m from east to west. The central part is Taiji Palace (Sui Daxing Palace), and the main hall is Taiji Hall (Sui Daxing Hall). East is the Crown Prince's East Palace, and west is the Imperial Secretary's Ye Ting Palace. The Imperial City is connected with the south of Miyagi, with 7 East-West Streets, 5 North-South Streets, Zuozong Temple and Youzhou, and it has central government offices and affiliated institutions. Later, Li Shimin built Daming Palace for his father's summer vacation, and when Linzi, Li Longji, became king, he rebuilt and expanded it into Xingqing Palace, and the three palaces were collectively called the Three Great.

Chang 'an City takes Suzaku Street, which is 155 meters wide, as its central axis, with1north-south streets and 14 east-west streets, and divides outer Guo Cheng into 100 unified Li Fang.

Ancient capital Luoyang

Luoyang (English translation: Luoyang hanyu pinyin: Luo yáng)

Historical Names: (Luoyi, Luoyi, Luoyang, Chengzhou, Xindayi, Shen Du, Luo Jing, Zhongjing).

Luoyang is located in the west of Henan Province, on the south bank of the Yellow River. It is one of the first historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council, one of the "four holy cities (Jerusalem, Mecca, Luoyang and Athens)" in the world, one of the starting points of the Silk Road (Luoyang and Xi 'an), the only city named "God Capital" in China history, the earliest and longest city in China history, and also an excellent tourist city in China and a city that "touched the world". Luoyang is named because it is located on the north bank of Guluoshui. Heluo area with Luoyang as the center is an important birthplace of Chinese civilization. Luoyang is the cradle of Chinese nation. Luo Jian, the eternal Huaihe River, is the cause of a magnificent ancestor. In ancient China, there were myths such as Fuxi, Nuwa, Huangdi, Di Ku, Tang Yao, Yu Shun and Yu Xia. It is widely circulated here. Di Ku is the capital of Boyi, Xia Taikang moved to the capital field, and Shang Tang has its capital in Xibo; King Wu cut Zhou, and 800 princes would meet him; Duke of Zhou assisted the government and moved Jiuding to Luoyi. Ping, Gaozu Duluo, Guangxu Zhongxing, Wei, Jin and Zen, filial piety reform, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Houliang, Thirteen Dynasties. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, Luoyang gradually became an international metropolis. Luoyang used to be China's political, economic and cultural center, and also a transportation hub extending in all directions.

In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the first large-scale highway network in China was established, with Luoyang as the center, as straight as an arrow and as far as it could reach. In the first year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (AD 605), Yang Di made Luoyang its capital and ordered the Grand Canal to be dug. At this point, a north-south water transport network with Luoyang as the center and radiating more than 2,000 kilometers to the northeast and southeast has been formed.

Luoyang is a scholar of China culture. Historical research shows that civilization first sprouted here, Taoism began here, Confucianism originated here, Confucian classics flourished here, Buddhism first spread here, metaphysics formed here, and Neo-Confucianism originated here. Sages gather, people gather. Luoyang is also the root of surname and Hakka.

The earliest historical document of the Chinese nation, Hutuluo, came from Luoyang. Fu, known as the "ancestor of humanity", was composed of eight diagrams and nine realms according to the river map and Luo's paintings and calligraphy. Since then, the Duke of Zhou gave rites and music, Lao Zi wrote a book, Confucius visited, Li and Ban Gu wrote China's first dynastic history "Hanshu" here, Sima Guang completed the historical masterpiece "Zi Jian" here, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao started Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, and the famous "Seven Sages in the Bamboo Grove" and "Twenty-four Friends in the Golden Valley" all gathered here and wrote a colorful chapter. Ma Jun invented rollover ... Heluo culture and Heluo civilization centered on Luoyang are the core and source of Chinese national culture and constitute an important part of Chinese civilization.

Special note: the historical situation of Luoyang is complex and easy to be misunderstood. 1. The Shang, Zhou, Han and Wei dynasties moved their capitals many times, and Luoyang was one of them. 2. Due to the strategic and economic needs, some great dynasties established capital cities, such as the Tang Dynasty, whose capital is recognized as Chang 'an. Luoyang is called the capital because the rulers of the Tang Dynasty designated Luoyang as their palace and sightseeing place, enjoying the same organizational system as Chang 'an, and some emperors stayed here for a longer time, so they called it "Luoyang as the East Capital". Although it can't be compared with Chang 'an in its influence and position on the whole imperial dynasty, it is different from ordinary local administrative units after all.

Ancient capital of thirteen dynasties

Name of dynasty: when the emperor established the capital.

Xia Yanshi Erlitou Taikang, Zhong Kang and Heqian 2070- Qian 1600.

Shang Tang, Waibing, Renzhong, Taijia, etc. 1600- 1046 BC, in the ditch of Shixiang Township, Bo Yan, Western Shang Dynasty.

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Luoyi, Chengzhou and Chanhe were kings, and Kang Wang, Zhao Wang and Wang Mu were 1046-771year ago.

In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, from Wang Ping to Kuaiwang, Luoyi (on both sides of Jian River) was 77 1- 256 BC in 25 years BC.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, went to Xian Di, and it was *** 12 years-190 years.

Cao Wei, Luoyang, an ancient city, was the Emperor Wen of the Yuan Dynasty, ***5 Emperor 22 1 year -265.

From Emperor Wudi of Luoyang in the Western Jin Dynasty to Emperor Cheng, ***4 was Emperor 265-3 13.

Luoyang, the ancient city of Northern Wei and Han Wei, from Emperor Xiaowen to Liang Wudi, 493-534.

606-6 18 Yang Di Hegong Mansion, the ancient city of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the eastern capital of Sui Dynasty.

Wu Zetian, ancient city of Sui and Tang Dynasties, capital of Wu Zhou Dynasty, 690 -905 AD.

909-9 13 years Taizu, Yingdi, Huangdi, the ancient city of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the western capital of Houliang.

Zhuang Zong, Mingzong, Mindy and Modi, the ancient cities in Sui and Tang Dynasties and the eastern capital of the later Tang Dynasty, were 923-936 respectively.

At the end of Jin Dynasty, Xijing, Sui and Tang Dynasties, the ancient city of Gaozu was 936-938 (about 2 years).

Luoyang, the capital of China, was established in the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty in China, with thirteen dynasties, namely Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang, Hou Liang, Later Tang and Later Jin.

The ancient capital of the fifteenth dynasty

The "Ancient Capital of the Thirteen Dynasties" has always been used by the government, but according to historical records and archaeological discoveries, the most accurate statement is to add the capitals of the Western Han Dynasty and Wu Zhou to the "Ancient Capital of the Thirteen Dynasties", which is a fact generally recognized and accepted by scholars at present.

Ancient capital of seventeen dynasties

On the basis of the "Ancient Capital of the Fifteenth Dynasty", the Northern Song Dynasty and the Republic of China were added.

According to the historical records and the time of capital establishment, there are 23 dynasties in Luoyang, including Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Warring States Korea, King Yu at the end of Qin, Western Han, Reform, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Li Wei, Zheng, Tang, Wu Zhou, Yan, Later Tang, Later Jin and Republic of China. Therefore, Luoyang is the capital with the earliest capital, the most dynasties and the longest time in the history of China, no matter the dynasties or the number of regimes. Precautions:

1. On February 3, 202 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor in Dingtao, which was known as the Western Han Dynasty or before the Han Dynasty. In the month when Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, he came to Luoyang from Dingtao. "Zi Tong Zhi Jian" records: "The emperor bought wine in Nangong, Luoyang." On the reward of merit, the civil servants and military commanders were all happy, so they made Luoyang their capital. In May, Lou Jing, a Qi man, passed by Luoyang and advised Liu Bang to move the capital to Chang 'an. After some debate, Liu Bangcai decided to move the capital to Chang 'an.

Luoyang was once the capital of the Republic of China. During the "November 28th" Battle of Songhu and the eight-year Anti-Japanese War, he moved the capital twice. For the first time, Luoyang was moved to be the "traveling capital", and for the second time, Chongqing was moved to be the "accompanying capital". Nanjing's status as the legal capital of the Republic of China remained unchanged.

Beijing

The Temple of Heaven, built at 1420, is one of the most famous historical sites in Beijing. As early as 700,000 years ago, the primitive tribe "Beijingers" appeared in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. Beijing has a history of more than 3,000 years, and it was first recorded as "thistle". In BC 1045, Beijing became the capital of thistle, swallow and other vassal States; Since Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, Beijing has been an important town and local center in northern China. Since 938, Beijing has successively become the capital of Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. 1 949 65438+1October1was officially designated as the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC).

700,000 years ago, Beijingers lived in the cave of Zhoukoudian in the southwest suburb of Beijing, which was one of the cradles of mankind.

The earliest name in Beijing was thistle. In 1 1 century BC, thistle kingdom was a enfeoffment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which ruled northern China. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC), another petrel located in the southwest of the thistle kingdom swallowed thistle and moved its capital to Ji Cheng. From then on, Ji Cheng was the capital of Yan State until 226 BC, when Yan State was destroyed by the powerful Qin State. According to the research of archaeologists, Ji Cheng is in the southwest of Beijing.

In 938, it became the capital of Liao. Liao was founded by the Khitans, a minority nationality who rose in the northeast of China. Because thistle is located in the south of its territory, it was renamed Nanjing and Yanjing. More than a century later, the Jin Dynasty established by another ethnic minority, Nuzhen, destroyed Liao and moved its capital to Yanjing on 1 153, renamed Zhongdu. 12 14 years, due to the attack of the emerging Mongolian army, the rulers were forced to move their capital to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). The next year, Mongolian fighters occupied the capital. 1267, Mongolian leader Kublai Khan ordered the construction of a new city in the northeast suburb of Zhongdu City. Four years later, the leader ascended the throne in Jiandu, and established the Yuan Dynasty in the history of China. All the new cities were built in 1276, which is what Italian traveler Kyle Poirot said in his travel notes: "The world is unparalleled". From then on, Beijing replaced Chang 'an, Luoyang, Bianliang and other ancient capitals and became the political center of China, which lasted until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. 191101October10, the bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in China, and the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate in February of the following year. At this point, the last feudal dynasty in China fell, and Beijing's history as an imperial city ended here. 1965438+In April 2002, Sun Yat-sen resigned as the provisional president of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai was elected by the provisional Senate, and the capital moved to Beijing.

In the next 30 years, Beijing experienced hardships: First, the continuous warlord wars made the imperial capital decline and run-down; 1937 Japanese invaders invaded, and the ancient city suffered in blood and fire for 8 years; After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Kuomintang government took over the city. 1949 10 10/day, People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded and Beijing became the capital of the new Republic.

City name

Beijing has different names in different dynasties, and there are roughly more than 20 nicknames: Ji (1 1 century BC), Youzhou (first seen in Shangshu Shundian), Youdu (Tang Dynasty), Nanjing (in the Five Dynasties, in 938 AD), Yanshan (in the fourth year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty,/kloc Besides, other nicknames of Beijing include Chang 'an, Chunming, Rixia, Dijing, Jingyi, Guo Jing and Jinghua. In addition to using the above names in Beijing's history, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, Beijing was once the seat of Yangguang County. During the great cause of the Sui Dynasty, it was once the seat of Zhuo County. During the reign of Tang Tianbao, it was once the seat of Fanyang County. During the Liao dynasty, it was the seat of the western Jin government; During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing was once the seat of Shuntianfu, so Yang Guang, Zhuo Jun, Fan Yang, Western Jin Dynasty and Shuntianfu also became nicknames of Beijing.

Culture and art

Sugar-coated haws: Delicious handed down from the Song Dynasty 800 years ago, it is a national historical and cultural city with a history of 3,000 years. Beijing was the capital of five dynasties in history. During the 800 years since Liao Dynasty, many magnificent palace buildings have been built, making Beijing the city with the largest number of royal palaces, gardens, temples and tombs in China. Among them, the Forbidden City in Beijing, also known as the Forbidden City, was originally a palace in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, where 24 emperors lived. The magnificent building perfectly embodies the traditional classical style and oriental style of China. It is the largest existing palace in China and even the whole world, and it is a precious cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. The Temple of Heaven is famous at home and abroad for its reasonable layout and exquisite architecture. It is the place where emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties "worship heaven" and "pray for the valley". It is the largest existing ancient sacrificial building complex in China and a precious heritage of world architectural art. The Summer Palace is a famous tourist attraction in Beijing. Yuanmingyuan is the most famous imperial garden in China. It enjoys a high reputation in the history of Chinese and foreign gardens and has high artistic value. Known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". The Ming Tombs are the largest imperial tombs in Beijing, with 13 Ming Tombs, especially the Ming Tombs excavated in modern times, which are huge and spectacular.

traditional culture

temple

Religious temples in Beijing are all over the capital. The existing famous ones are Fayuan Temple, Tanzhe Temple, Jietai Temple, Yunju Temple and Badachu. Taoist Baiyun temple, etc. Islam, niujie Worship Temple, etc. The Lama Temple of Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism), the Catholic Church of Forty Stores, the Catholic Church of Wangfujing, etc. Christian Gangwa Church, Chongwenmen Church, etc.

alley

Hutong is one of the most distinctive houses in Beijing, which originated in Yuan Dynasty. The word "Hutong" means "small street" in Mongolian. There are more than 7,000 hutongs scattered all over Beijing, and each hutong has an anecdote. The names of hutongs are varied, and some are named after characters, such as Wen Prime Minister Hutong; Some are named after markets and commodities, such as Goldfish Hutong; Some of them are named in Beijing dialect, such as Huluguan Hutong. After investigation, the oldest hutong in Beijing is Sanmiao Street, which has a history of more than 900 years. The longest hutong is the east-west Jiao Min Lane, with a total length of 6.5 miles. The shortest hutong is no more than ten meters long; The narrowest alley is Qianshi Hutong in Dashilan area of Qianmen, which is only 0.7 meters wide. Nanluoguxiang, located in Dongcheng District, has become one of the eight characteristic commercial streets in Beijing.

Siheyuan; siheyuan;?quadrangle?dwellings

Siheyuan is a courtyard surrounded by houses in the southeast and northwest, and the outer wall of the courtyard forms the side wall of the hutong. The north room in the hospital is the main room, and the east and west sides are wing rooms. Apart from the gate, there are no windows or passages connected with the hutong. Siheyuan, a traditional residence in old Beijing, is quiet and closed. The former residences and palaces of celebrities scattered in urban areas are generally more authentic quadrangles, such as Gongwangfu in Qianhai West Street. In recent years, there are more and more high-rise buildings in Beijing, but few quadrangles. Now there are only two relatively complete quadrangles in the Second Ring Road.

Central axis

The central axis of Beijing is to point out and clarify the central axis of Beijing, and Beijing's urban planning has the characteristics of symmetry with Miyagi as the center. The central axis of Beijing starts from Yongdingmen in the south and ends at the Bell and Drum Tower in the north, with a length of about 7.8 kilometers. From south to north are Yongdingmen, Qianmen Arrow Tower, Zhengyangmen, Zhonghua Gate, Tiananmen Gate, Duanmen, Wumen Gate, Forbidden City, Shenwumen, Jingshan, Di 'anmen, Houmenqiao, Drum Tower and Bell Tower. From Yongdingmen, the southern end of this central axis, there are the Temple of Heaven and the Xiannongtan. Ancestral temples and social altars; Donghuamen and Xihuamen; Andingmen and Deshengmen are symmetrically distributed with the central axis. Mr. Liang Sicheng, a famous architect in China, once said: "The unique grand order of Beijing is produced by the establishment of this central axis." Yongdingmen Gate, Zhonghua Gate and Di 'anmen Gate were all demolished after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and Yongdingmen Gate Tower was rebuilt in recent years.

City walls and moats

Beijing City is the general name of the capital defense buildings in the late Ming and Qing Dynasties in the history of China. It consists of Miyagi, Imperial City, Inner City and Outer City, including city walls, gates, urns, watchtowers, enemy platforms, moats and many other facilities. It was once the most complete ancient city defense system in China. Beijing city gate is the general name of Beijing city gate in Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to the different grades and building specifications, it is divided into four categories: Gongchengmen, Huangchengmen, Inner Chengmen and Outer Chengmen. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were four gates of Miyagi (called six), four gates of Imperial City (called six or seven), nine gates of inner city and seven gates of outer city in Beijing. There is a folk saying that there are nine doors inside and seven doors outside. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, Beijing was gradually demolished. Except for Miyagi, only Tiananmen Square was retained, and only Zhengyangmen, Deshengmen archway, Southeast Corner and Chongwenmen were left in the inner city. All the outer cities were destroyed and only Yongdingmen was rebuilt.

Beijing opera

Peking Opera is the quintessence of China and is deeply loved by the people in Beijing. Walking on the streets of Beijing, you can often hear cadence jokes coming from the roadside. The origin of Beijing Opera can be traced back to several ancient local dramas. 1790, the four major local operas in Anhui-Sanqing, Sixi, Chungong and Chunchun-were performed in Beijing and achieved unprecedented success. Huiban often cooperates with artists in Hubei, so a new kind of drama was born, which is based on the Hui tune "Huang Er" and the Han tune "Xipi" and combines the essence of local dramas such as Kunqu Opera, Shaanxi Opera and Bangzi. This is Beijing Opera. In the course of 200 years' development, Beijing opera is more and more like Beijing in lyrics, intonation and rhythm. The erhu, Jinghu and other musical instruments used also integrate the characteristics of many ethnic groups and eventually become a mature art. Beijing opera is an art that combines singing, dancing, martial arts, music, art and literature. It is similar to western opera, so it is called "Beijing Opera" by westerners. In addition to Beijing opera, Beijing also has double reed, cross talk, storytelling, rhyme and drum, etc., all of which are national quintessence.

Yanjing Eighth National Congress

Eight scenic spots in Yanjing refer to the eight old landscapes in Beijing, including Jimen Smoke Tree (West Tucheng), Lugou Xiaoyue (Lugou Bridge), Jintai Zhao Xi (Jintai Road), Qiongdao Chunyin (Beihai Park), Juyong Diecui (Badaling), Taiyou Autumn Wind (Zhongnanhai), Yuquan Tu Tu (Yuquan Mountain) and Xishan Qingxue (Xiangshan and Xishan). The Eight Scenes in Beijing were first mentioned in the ancient book Ming Chang Yi in the Jin Dynasty. Later, the Eight Scenes of Yanjing were mentioned in local chronicles such as Wanbu Miscellanies (Ming) and Chronicle of Chen Yuan (Qing). The early Eight Scenes are slightly different from the old age. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong personally presided over the revision of the Eight Scenes of Yanjing and ordered the monument to be built for the Eight Scenes of Yanjing.

prescribe a diet

Beijing's flavor snacks have a long history, a wide variety, exquisite materials and fine production, and are famous far and near. "Du Men Zhu Zhi Ci" in the Qing Dynasty said: "The three big money sell flowers, cut cakes, and have a bowl of sweet porridge in the morning before eating tea and noodles; Sweet-eared frozen fruit fried cake, baked sesame seed cake hanging on the stove loves to nest, and the fork that has just been fired is called Bobo. The wonton of steamed dumplings is full of vegetables, and the newly added dumplings are good ... "These snacks are sold at temple fairs or street fairs, and people will come across them by accident, which is vividly called" eating "in old Beijing. The representatives of Beijing-style snacks include bean juice, bean-flavored noodles, sour plum soup, tea soup, steamed stuffed bun, tuckahoe cake, preserved fruit, candied haws, Aiwowo, pea yellow, snowballing, enema, fried belly, fried liver and so on.