In the past 30 years, great progress has been made in the reform of state-owned enterprises in China.
From 1978, the reform of state-owned enterprises can be divided into two stages. The first stage, from 1978 to 1992, mainly focused on decentralization and explored the separation of the two powers. The second stage is from 1993 to now, and the clear direction is to establish a modern enterprise system, deepen reform and improve the new system.
1978 10, six enterprises, including Sichuan Ningjiang Machine Tool Factory, launched a pilot project to expand enterprise autonomy, and determined that enterprises can extract some profits on the basis of increasing income, and employees can get certain bonuses. State-owned enterprises are allowed to engage in production outside the mandatory plans of the state, and export enterprises are allowed to keep part of foreign exchange for their own control. From 65438 to 0983, profits paid to the government were replaced by profit income tax. 1984 10 10 In October, the Third Plenary Session of the 12th CPC Central Committee made a decision on economic system reform, confirming that the socialist economy is a planned commodity economy. According to the requirements of developing socialist planned commodity economy, it is decided to comprehensively promote the economic system reform centered on enhancing the vitality of enterprises, especially large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, with emphasis on cities. The goal of the state-owned enterprise reform is to make the enterprise truly become a relatively independent economic entity, a socialist commodity producer and operator with independent operation and self-financing, and a legal person with certain rights and obligations. According to this goal, the reform of state-owned enterprises has turned to "separation of two rights", that is, the separation of state ownership and enterprise management rights. 1986 65438+February, the State Council proposed to implement various forms of contract responsibility system and give operators full operational autonomy. From 65438 to 0987, large and medium-sized enterprises generally implemented the enterprise contract management responsibility system. By the end of 1987, the contracted coverage rate of enterprises in the national budget reached 78%, and that of large and medium-sized enterprises reached 80%. 1990 when the first round of contracting expired, there were more than 33,000 industrial enterprises in the budget, accounting for 90% of the total number of contracted enterprises. Then started the second round of contracting.
The reform from expanding management autonomy to contracting decentralization and profit-making has made enterprises have a certain vitality. However, the contract system also has major defects. "One-on-one" negotiation of contract system strengthened the separation of government and enterprise. The contract system has only incentives and no constraints, and ownership and management rights are separated, but ownership cannot constrain management rights. Operators abuse their autonomy to seek private interests or small collective interests, "insider control" and short-term behavior generally lead to a round of enterprise contracting and a round of loss of state-owned assets, with serious consequences. Practice tells us that the reform of state-owned enterprises can't take the contract system as the direction, but must take the establishment of modern enterprise system as the direction and implement system innovation.
1992, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established the socialist market economic system as the target model of China's economic system reform. 1993165438+10 In October, the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee made the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Establishment of a Socialist Market Economic System, which clearly stated for the first time that the direction of state-owned enterprise reform is to establish a modern enterprise system, and pointed out that the characteristics of modern enterprise system are: clear property rights, clear rights and responsibilities, separation of government from enterprises, and scientific management. Since then, the reform of state-owned enterprises in China has entered the stage of system innovation.
Because the contract system can not promote the development of state-owned enterprises to adapt to the market economy, it also brings the loss of state-owned assets, which makes many state-owned enterprises, including large and medium-sized enterprises, in trouble. From 65438 to 0997, the party and the government put forward the task of helping state-owned enterprises out of difficulties. The goal is to extricate most large and medium-sized state-owned loss-making enterprises from their predicament in about three years from 65438 to 0998, and strive to establish a modern enterprise system for most large and medium-sized state-owned backbone enterprises by the end of the 20th century. By the end of 2000, this goal had been basically achieved. By the end of 1997, there were 6874 state-owned and state-controlled large and medium-sized industrial enterprises/kloc-0, of which 6599 were loss-making enterprises, accounting for 39. 1%. By 2000, the number of loss-making households had decreased to 1800, a decrease of nearly 3/4. In the past three years, large and medium-sized state-owned industrial enterprises have been rescued, and the bank's bad debt reserve expenditure has exceeded 654.38+050 billion yuan, and the technological transformation discount interest has been about 20 billion yuan, and the debt-to-equity swap has reached 405 billion yuan. While helping large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises to extricate themselves from difficulties, we should carry out a pilot project of modern enterprise system, gradually implement the reform of company system and shareholding system, and strive to make state-owned or state-controlled enterprises become market subjects and legal entities adapted to the development of socialist market economy.
After years of efforts, great progress has been made in the reform of the joint-stock company system of state-owned enterprises in China. First of all, by the end of 2005, among the 2,524 state-owned and state-controlled enterprises in the national key enterprises counted by the National Bureau of Statistics, 1 and 33 1 were transformed into joint-stock enterprises with multiple shareholders, with a restructuring rate of 52.7%. The restructuring of state-owned small and medium-sized enterprises has reached more than 80%, of which county-owned enterprises have the largest restructuring, and some have reached more than 90%. Secondly, Baosteel Group Co., Ltd. and other 19 enterprises, as the backbone of state-owned enterprises, have been restructured in accordance with the Company Law and conducted pilot board meetings. * * * 66 external directors have been selected, and 65,438+04 external directors in the pilot enterprises have reached or exceeded half of the board members, thus separating the decision-making layer from the executive layer and improving the corporate governance structure. Thirdly, the proportion of joint-stock companies in central enterprises and their subsidiaries rose from 30.4% at the end of 2002 to 64.2% in 2006. Finally, the share-trading reform has been basically completed, which is a significant progress made in the reform in the past two years. By the end of 2006, except for the listed companies controlled by state-owned financial institutions, 785 out of 80/kloc-0 state-owned listed companies have completed or started the share reform process, accounting for 98%. In the process of reform, a large number of enterprises implemented asset reorganization, many enterprises closed down and went bankrupt, laid-off workers were diverted, and enterprises stripped off their social functions as much as possible.
Years of practice in the reform of state-owned enterprises tell us that it is impossible to run hundreds of thousands of state-owned enterprises well. A large number of small and medium-sized state-owned enterprises engaged in the production and operation of general competitive industries have no advantages and low competitiveness. In view of this situation, the report of the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (1997) and the Decision on Several Major Issues in the Reform and Development of State-owned Enterprises (1999) put forward the task of strategically adjusting the layout and structure of the state-owned economy, and emphasized the principle of "letting the big ones loose", demanding the overall management of the state-owned economy and giving full play to its leading role. The state-owned economy mainly controls the important industries and key fields related to the lifeline of the national economy, including industries involving national security, natural monopoly industries, industries providing important public products and services, and important backbone enterprises in pillar industries and high-tech industries.
Since then, after ten years of hard work, substantial progress has been made in the task of layout and structural adjustment of the state-owned economy. State-owned economy and state-owned capital gradually concentrated in important industries and key areas related to the lifeline of the national economy, concentrated in large enterprises, and gradually withdrew from general competitive industries, and began to change the situation that state-owned enterprises were extensive and too scattered. 1998, there were 238,000 state-owned industrial and commercial enterprises in China. By 2006, the number of state-owned enterprises had decreased to 1 1.9 million, just half. 1997, the national state-owned industrial and commercial enterprises realized profits of 80 billion yuan, and by 2006, the national state-owned enterprises realized profits of10.2 trillion yuan, an increase of 14 times. Among them, the central enterprises realized profits of 768,654.38+0.5 billion yuan and paid taxes of 682.25 billion yuan. In 2006, there were 2 1 central enterprises with sales revenue exceeding 1000 billion yuan, and 3 enterprises with profits exceeding1000 billion yuan. In 2007, there were 30 Fortune Global 500 enterprises in China, including 22 mainland enterprises (three more than the previous year), all of which were state-controlled enterprises. In 2007, 16 central enterprises entered the top 500 in the world.
The following is a brief list of the reform and development of China's state-owned industrial and commercial enterprises since 1998.
After years of reform and institutional innovation, China's state-owned enterprises have not only stepped out of the predicament, but also become market players with high labor productivity, strong profitability and strong competitiveness. The state-owned economy is also concentrated in important industries and fields that can give play to its own advantages, and concentrated in large enterprises, and has gained a firm foothold, becoming the backbone of China's socialist market economy and leading the development of the national economy. This shows that the party's policy of promoting the reform of state-owned enterprises is correct. The following figures fully prove that the efficiency and competitiveness of state-owned enterprises have been significantly improved. In 2005, the state-owned and state-holding industrial enterprises accounted for only 1 1% of the national industrial enterprises, but sales revenue accounted for 35%, realized profits accounted for 45%, and taxes paid accounted for 57%. During the period of1~1in 2007, among the industrial enterprises above designated size in China, the profits of state-owned and state-holding enterprises reached 966.2 billion yuan, up 29.6% year-on-year, which was higher than that of collective enterprises (25.2%) and close to that of joint-stock enterprises (35. 1%). In the list of the top 500 Chinese enterprises in 2006, there were 349 state-owned and state-controlled enterprises, accounting for 69.8%; The annual operating income reached 14.9 trillion yuan, accounting for 85.2% of the income of the top 500 enterprises. In 2006, among the top 500 manufacturing enterprises in China, there were 249 state-owned and state-controlled enterprises, accounting for 49.8%, with an operating income of 5.09 trillion yuan, accounting for 66.7%. In 2006, among the top 500 service industries in China, there were 307 state-owned and state-controlled enterprises, accounting for 6 1.4%, with an operating income of 6.59 trillion yuan, accounting for 87.4%.