/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Britain, France and other western powers successively launched wars of aggression against China, and China's sovereign independence and territorial integrity were constantly undermined.
After the 1970s, the invasion of China by foreign powers intensified, and the crisis of the Chinese nation became more and more serious.
From 65438 to 0842, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking, and China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
185 1 year, Hong Xiuquan called on the peasants to declare an uprising in Jintian and establish the title of "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom".
/kloc-in the spring of 0/853, the Taiping Army occupied Nanjing and changed Nanjing Tianjing into the capital.
The modern history of China began at 1840 and ended at 1949. 1840 opium war to 19 19 "may 4th" modern history movement in China was the stage of the old democratic revolution. From the May 4th Movement in 19 19 to the eve of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, it was the stage of the new democratic revolution. The whole modern history of China is the history of China becoming a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
The modern history of China, from the outbreak of the Sino-British Opium War in 1840 to the collapse of the Nanking Kuomintang regime in 1949 and the founding of New China, experienced the late Qing Dynasty, the provisional government of the Republic of China, the northern warlords and the national government, which was the history of the gradual formation and disintegration of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.
/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Britain, France and other western powers successively launched wars of aggression against China, and China's sovereign independence and territorial integrity were constantly undermined, and the contradiction between western powers and the Chinese nation intensified. After the 1970s, the invasion of China by foreign powers intensified, and the crisis of the Chinese nation became more and more serious.
Before the Opium War, China was an independent feudal country. However, due to the decadent, arrogant and complacent feudal landlord regime in the Qing Dynasty, they were completely unaware that they had gradually fallen behind. So the feudal system is at stake. Because Lin Zexu destroyed opium in Humen, Britain took the opportunity to invade China, but its essence was to open the China market and smuggle opium to China to reverse the trade deficit between China and Britain. 1938+0842, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking, and China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. After the Opium War, western capitalist powers exported a lot of goods and capital to China through unequal treaties, which gradually impacted the feudal economy of China.
1840, the British Empire opened the door of ancient China with powerful ships and guns. The Opium War, the Sino-French War, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China have brought profound disasters to the Chinese nation. In the past century, almost all capitalist countries in the world launched one or even many wars of aggression against China. There are open invasions and undeclared wars; There were separate invasions and joint plundering, which forced China to sign thousands of unequal treaties. Through these unequal treaties, capitalist powers fostered feudal forces as a tool to rule China; Eating and annexing the territory of China; Sending troops to control and steal China's military territory; Divide the sphere of influence; Control important trading ports and establish concessions; Exercise consular jurisdiction and one-sided MFN treatment; Extortion of huge reparations through war; Dumping goods and exporting capital in China. Colonialism promoted by foreign capitalist powers caused violent social, political, economic and cultural turmoil in China, and China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Since then, the people of China have waged a long-term indomitable struggle to get rid of the oppression of foreign capitalism and feudalism.
Since 1840, the crisis of national subjugation and extinction has been threatening this thousand-year-old country. When the Chinese nation was in danger, a generation of national elites woke up: Wei Yuan and others "learned from foreigners to control foreigners"; Anti-Qing peasant uprising led by Hong Xiuquan; Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao's "reform is strong"; Sun yat-sen's national revolution. It was they who stood up at the critical juncture of national life and death, bravely fought against foreign aggression, and strived for national independence and liberation, and wrote an epic and tragic chapter in China's modern history.
185 1 year, Hong Xiuquan called on the peasants to declare an uprising in Jintian and establish the title of "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom". /kloc-in the spring of 0/853, the Taiping Army occupied Nanjing, renamed Nanjing Tianjing and made its capital, and formally established the peasant regime to fight against the Qing Dynasty. 1856, Taiping army destroyed Jiangnan camp and lifted the siege of Tianjing. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom reached its military heyday. 1In the summer of 864, Hong Xiuquan died of illness. Soon, Tianjing fell and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed.
1856, Britain proposed to amend the Sino-British treaty of nanking, which was rejected by the Qing government. Britain took this opportunity to provoke the Second Opium War. This time the British and French Coalition forces sent troops to invade China, and the United States and Russia were accomplices. Although the Second Opium War had nothing to do with opium, its essence was the same as the Opium War, so it was called the Second Opium War.
After China was defeated in the Second Opium War, the Qing court was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty with Russia (1June 3), the United States (1June 8), Britain (June 26) and France (June 27), and the Aihui Treaty with Russia.
1860, the British and French allied forces captured Tianjin again, burning and looting all the way, and Emperor Xianfeng fled to chengde mountain resort, leaving his younger brother Prince Gong to play? As Minister of Peace, he stayed in Beijing. Subsequently, the British and French allied forces looted and burned the world-famous imperial garden Yuanmingyuan in the western suburbs of Beijing and occupied Beijing. And forced the Qing government to sign the Beijing Treaty.
19 From the 1960s to the 1990s, the Westernization Movement was led by Yixin (Zeng Guofan, Zhang Zhidong, etc.). With the development of China's military, civil and education, the bourgeoisie in China emerged and developed. Established the first batch (successive batches) of modern enterprises.
1883- 1885, the Sino-French War and the signing of the Sino-French New Testament marked the opening of southwest China.
From 65438 to 0894, China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War. From 65438 to 0895, the signing of treaty of shimonoseki greatly deepened the semi-colonization of China society.
1900, imperialist countries launched Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China in order to suppress the Boxer Rebellion and safeguard their interests in China. 190 1 year, the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" marked the formation of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.
19 1 1 The bourgeois-democratic revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen was the first anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois-democratic revolution in the history of China, which overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the imperial system that lasted for more than 2,000 years in China and established a bourgeois-democratic republic. It made the concept of democratic republic deeply rooted in people's hearts and dealt a heavy blow to imperialist colonial rule. However, due to political weakness, the fruits of the victory of the 1911 Revolution were stolen by Yuan Shikai.
In order to resist the invasion of foreign powers and strive for national independence, the people of China have waged a heroic struggle and started the exploration of saving the nation from extinction. The Westernization Movement aimed at "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" objectively stimulated the emergence and development of capitalism in China. In order to save the nation from peril and develop capitalism, the bourgeois reformists carried out the reform movement. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the autocratic monarchy system in China for more than 2,000 years, and started the modern national democratic revolution in a complete sense. The New Culture Movement impacted the feudal ideological and moral culture and opened the floodgate of ideological emancipation. China is constantly undergoing economic, political, ideological and cultural changes in the environment of being bullied by foreign powers and forced to open up. China's modernization started with difficulty, and its social structure gradually transformed from traditional society to modern society.
19 19 At the beginning of this year, the so-called "Paris Peace Conference" was held in Paris, France. China was also one of the victors and sent representatives to attend the Paris Peace Conference. However, the reasonable request made by the representative of China at the meeting was rejected. When the news reached China, the crowd was furious. On May 4th, the May 4th student patriotic movement broke out. Students in Beijing shouted slogans such as "Give me back Qingdao", "Abolish Article 21" and "Fight for national rights outside and punish national thieves inside", which developed into a national mass patriotic movement with the working class as the main force in early June. The May 4th Movement was the beginning of China's new democracy. In this movement, the China proletariat began to enter the political arena. 192/kloc-0 On July 23rd, 2000, Dong, Chen Tanqiu, He Shuheng, Wang Enbei, Li Da and others held the first national congress in Shanghai (due to the surveillance of French agents, they were transferred to a cruise ship in Nanhu, Jiaxing, Zhejiang), and China was born.
19 19 The May 4th patriotic movement broke out, marking the end of the old democratic revolution led by the bourgeoisie and the beginning of the new democratic revolution led by the proletariat. 192 1 year, China was founded, and China's revolution took on a new look. The first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party promoted the climax of the national revolutionary movement. After the collapse of the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, China launched an armed revolution of workers and peasants against the Kuomintang rule and began a difficult exploration of the revolutionary road in China.
193 1 year, Japanese imperialism launched the September 18th Incident, and the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis, and the national anti-Japanese national salvation movement continued to rise. 1935, Japan launched the North China Incident, and the ethnic contradiction between China and Japan rose to the main domestic contradiction. 1936 12 12 Kuomintang patriotic generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng admonished Chiang Kai-shek, and the national United front in China was initially formed. 1937 Japanese imperialism launched the July 7th Incident, and the Chinese nation began its all-round war of resistance. After eight years of bloody fighting, the people of China finally won the complete victory of the first anti-aggression war in modern times.
After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, China faced a decisive battle with two fates and two futures. China tried hard for peace and democracy, but the Kuomintang government flagrantly launched a civil war with the support of American imperialism. The people of China waged a war of liberation for more than three years, overthrew the rule of the Kuomintang in Chinese mainland and won a great victory in the new-democratic revolution.
China * * * led the people of China through four stages: the Northern Expedition, the Agrarian Revolutionary War, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the National Liberation War, and finally overthrew the rule of the Kuomintang government headed by Chiang Kai-shek in 1948, and won the new-democratic revolution. From 65438 to 0949, the first China People's Political Consultative Conference was held, which marked the great victory of the people's democratic revolution in China. People's Republic of China (PRC) was finally established! ! !