The unification of the Yuan Dynasty ended the coexistence of several regimes since the Northern Song Dynasty. The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was wider than that of any previous dynasty.
(2) The establishment of provincial system in Yuan Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on later generations. Set up Zhongshu province in the central government, as the highest administrative institution in the country, to manage most areas; Other provinces with Chinese books are called "provinces" or "provinces"
(3) The Yuan government established the Penghu Inspection Department to be in charge of Penghu and Ryukyu.
The Yuan Dynasty appointed officials and stationed troops in Tibet, and Tibet became the official administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty.
⑤ The unification of Yuan Dynasty promoted the great national integration.
1. ended the state of division that lasted for more than three centuries after the Tang Dynasty, and achieved a new great unity in history. The territory of China is the largest in history, surpassing the Han and Tang Dynasties. Today's territory is basically delineated by the Yuan Dynasty. There are Yinshan Mountain in the north, quicksand in the west, Liaozuo in the east and sea in the south, especially in the northwest, and the mileage is difficult to calculate.
2. The first dynasty established by ethnic minorities in history ruled the whole country.
3. Exercising effective administrative jurisdiction over Xinjiang, Tibet and other places, Tibet entered Chinese territory for the first time. [Transferred from Iron Blood Community/]
4. The present provincial system in China is stronger than that in Yuan Dynasty.
5. The development of foreign relations has broadened the horizons of China people and promoted social changes in China. Yuan is the best in the world, thinner than at home and abroad. Wherever there are people, there are post stations to make them travel around the country. In the Yuan Dynasty, the world of "reaching by ladder, reaching by air and meeting by sea and air" surpassed any previous dynasty.
6. It has a special important position and rich contents in history, and has a far-reaching impact on the historical process of China and the vast Asian-European world.
Genghis Khan wrote a unique chapter for ancient military history. Kublai Khan's army crossed the Dadu River, Snow Mountain and Jinsha River from north to south, completing a pioneering work in China's ancient military history.
8. The agricultural production in the Central Plains, which has been destroyed for a long time, has been restored and developed, and the preservation and continuation of the civilization in the Central Plains have a reliable material basis.
9. Tolerance of multiple religions. Kublai Khan said that there are four prophets worshipped in the world (Christ, Muhammad, Moses and Sakyamuni), and I pay tribute to them [transferred from the Iron Blood Community/]
10. 1332 is the earliest metal gun in the world, and the production of other handicrafts has also been improved.
1 1. Developed maritime traffic and huge fleet sailing in the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea are unprecedented feats in the history of China. The North-South Grand Canal is unimpeded, and the mighty ships sail day and night.
12. Yuandadu is a national commercial center and transportation center.
13. Prosperous overseas trade, with the number of trading countries growing from 50 to 60 in the Song Dynasty to more than 140, with Korea in Japan in the east and the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa in the west.
14. The creation and implementation of the word "Basiba" can be called a gem with strange brilliance in China Cultural Library.
15. Clever thinking is unique and the degree is eternal. Since then, the moon mountain and Guo Shoujing star of Guo Shoujing, a great scientist, have been running in the vast space. [Transferred from Iron Blood Community/]
16. The Secret History of Mongolia, full of grassland flavor, is a must in the cultural history of China.
17. A generation of celebrities, such as Yuan Qu, Yuan Zaju writer Guan Hanqing, and Western scholar Sadu Ci.
18. The works of the great traveler Kyle Poirot are a great inspiration for Columbus to set sail.
19. Qiu Chuji, the ancestor of Taoism, called Genghis Khan: God-given courage and wisdom are unparalleled today, Taoism is powerful, and foreigners obey.
The economy of Yuan Dynasty was still dominated by agricultural economy, but the production technology, cultivated land area, grain output, water conservancy construction and extensive cotton planting all exceeded the previous generation. The further expansion of cotton planting area has created conditions for the development of cotton textile industry. The cotton textile industry in Songjiang area is particularly prosperous, and the "black mud well quilt" produced there is well known. Huang Daopo, a local peasant woman, learned advanced cotton textile technology from Li people. She spread these technologies in her hometown, improved cotton textile tools and made contributions to the development of cotton textile industry. The development of animal husbandry in Yuan Dynasty was reflected in the expansion of pasture and the improvement of grazing facilities. In the Yuan Dynasty, except for government-run workshops, handicrafts were relatively developed, and the types of industries exceeded those of the previous generation. In particular, the emerging cotton spinning industry has reached a fairly high level, and the porcelain and printing industries have also developed greatly. Due to the improvement of postal delivery system and the opening of shipping, transportation at home and abroad is unprecedentedly developed, and both commerce and Song Dynasty have made great progress. The prosperity of the city is unprecedented, including metropolis, Hangzhou, Quanzhou, Guangzhou and other world-famous metropolises. Quanzhou was the largest foreign trade port in Yuan Dynasty, where hundreds of seagoing ships were often moored, and a large number of goods were gathered and shipped here. Up to now, the Liu Sheng Pagoda, which stands near Quanzhou, is a lighthouse guiding seagoing ships to enter and leave the port.
Because most of the Mongolian people's previous lifestyles were nomadic and their productivity was low. In order to change this situation, from Kublai Khan, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty replaced animal husbandry with agricultural production, so the agriculture of the Yuan Dynasty developed greatly. With the expansion of Yuan Dynasty's territory to West Asia, the exchanges between Europe and China became more frequent and the technical exchanges became more rapid. The start of economy has promoted the development of handicraft industry and commerce. During the Yuan Dynasty, cotton planting was very common in southern China, so the textile industry also developed, and a group of craftsmen led by Huang Daopo appeared, which made the cotton textile technology at that time reach a quite high level. In addition, due to the smooth land and water transportation and the popularity of paper money, the Yuan Dynasty was one of the richest countries in the world at that time. During the reign of Yuan Shizu, Venetian businessman Kyle? Poirot has been to China, and in his book Kyle? The Travel Notes of Polo recorded the prosperity of the Yuan Dynasty in detail. On the basis of Ci and folk popular literature, Yuan Dynasty developed a new literary genre & Qu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu is a new poetic style developed from Ci, which is close to folk songs and can be used in oratorios, also called Qingqu. In addition to singing, zaju also has narration and performance, which is actually a drama or drama. The words used in Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty are fresh and simple, and there are many secular words, which often create a distinctive image with an eclectic system. Famous Sanqu writers include Ma Zhiyuan, known as the "No.1 in Quyi", Guan Hanqing, Zhang Kejiu and George, who are famous for their zaju. Ma Lik Zhiyuan's famous "Tianjingsha" ("The Old Tree with Dead Vines Twists") euphemistically depicts the wandering mood of travelers through the description of a sunset photo in the suburbs of autumn, which has become a classic masterpiece. [Transferred from Iron Blood Community/]
Yuan Zaju was a great success, and many outstanding opera writers emerged. Guan (), Wang (poetry), Ma (Zhiyuan) and Bai (Pu) were also called the "four great masters" in the Yuan Dynasty. Guan Hanqing's Dou 'e Garden and Wang Shifu's The West Chamber are both immortal masterpieces, with high artistry and far-reaching influence on later generations. "Primitive Man" exposes the darkness of officialdom through the plot that a poor woman was wrongly sentenced to death by the government, and promotes the idea that "what goes around comes around comes around". The Romance of the West Chamber tells the love story of Cui Yingying, the daughter of Guo Xiang, and Zhang Sheng, a scholar, who broke through the feudal cage, went through all the hardships and finally got married, which was praised by China people from generation to generation.
The Yuan Dynasty also made great achievements in other arts. In terms of calligraphy and painting, Xian Yushu and Deng, three great calligraphers in the early Yuan Dynasty, advocated "taking the ancients as the law" and deeply studied the calligraphy of Jin and Tang Xianxian, which had a great influence on the calligraphy of the Yuan Dynasty and later generations. Among them, Zhao Meng is a generation of writers and painters. He is proficient in all kinds of calligraphy, painting landscapes, trees and stones, figures and animals. He was really a famous painter in Yuan Dynasty. In terms of architecture, there were many magnificent buildings in the Yuan Dynasty, among which the buildings in Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty were a model. Most of them are the capitals of the Yuan Dynasty, and they are also one of the most magnificent cities in the world in13-14th century. It took 18 years to build, and its strict planning and layout, architectural technology and artistic level were also rare in the world at that time. In order to build this magnificent capital, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty mobilized a large number of excellent craftsmen from all over the country, and at the same time, a large number of people from the western regions also contributed their talents to the construction of the capital. Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties was rebuilt and expanded on the basis of Yuan Dynasty. Ceramic art also developed further in the Yuan Dynasty, characterized by the production of blue and white porcelain. Blue-and-white is a transparent glaze with cobalt oxide as a pigment and blue flowers on a white background. The development of blue-and-white porcelain in China comes from the application of tri-color technology in Tang Dynasty and the learning and improvement of blue-and-white technology in West Asia. By the mid-Yuan Dynasty, the leaves were mature, the technological level surpassed that of the previous generation, and they were sold all over the world.
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