"Once"? According to geographical records, the construction of Jingzhou ancient city wall began in Zhou Liwang period more than 2,600 years ago. Verified by the latest archaeological excavation of the ancient city wall, Jingzhou ancient city wall is the only ancient city wall with the longest duration and the most dynasties in China, which evolved from Tucheng. According to archaeological discoveries and literature records, the construction of Jingzhou city wall can be roughly divided into the following development stages.

From the Three Kingdoms to the Western Jin Dynasty. Jingzhou fuzhi? City "description:" Today's city, the official land of Chu ships, the palace of Zhu in the Spring and Autumn Period. The Qin Dynasty has established Nanjun. Because of the Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms belonged to the old city of Shu and Han at the beginning, which was built by Guan, and one attacked Cao Ren in the north and attacked it. " According to Shui Jing Zhu, "the county is called Jiangling. This ancient city was built by Guan Yu. There is also a record in A Wide Record of the Land: "The old city is in the southeast of the county, with Zhu Gong. This county is built by Wen. "The old city should be the city built by Guan Yu, located in the southeast of the old city, the old city, the old city in Qin and Han Dynasties, located in the northwest of the city.

1September, 1997 to1March, 1998, archaeologists from Jingzhou City and Jingzhou District conducted archaeological excavations at the eastern end of the south wall of Jingzhou City (west of Wangjianglou), and horizontally excavated the spectacular Archaeological Exploration Atlas of Jingzhou Ancient Wall (4 pieces).

Through stratigraphic anatomy, it is found that this brick wall exposed outside the city wall was built in the early Ming Dynasty. The earth wall in the ditch is 1 1.3 meters long from north to south, which is the earth wall in Song Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. The residual height of the earth wall in the Song Dynasty is 3.75 meters, and the earth wall in the Ming Dynasty was built on the earth wall in the Song Dynasty, with a residual height of 4.5 meters. Between the earthen wall in the Song Dynasty and the brick wall in the early Ming Dynasty, there is a relic of the broken brick wall in the Song Dynasty with a width of 0.6-0.8 meters and a height of 7.3 meters. In the middle of the ditch, the northern part of the earth wall in the Song Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty was the Five Dynasties wall, and its top was basically the same as that in the early Ming Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties, there were both brick walls and earth walls. The lower part of the Five Dynasties brick wall is made of well-preserved thin blue bricks. These blue bricks have different specifications, such as rectangular bricks with rope patterns and wedge-shaped bricks, which are obviously tomb bricks with a residual height of 65,438+0.1.0 meters. The upper part of the five-generation brick wall is compacted with mixed bricks and soil, and the remaining height is 4.9 meters. The upper part of the earthen mechanical wall on which the brick walls of the Five Dynasties were built was the Five Dynasties, with a residual height of about 6 meters, and the lower part was the Tang Dynasty, with a residual height of about 65 meters. The earthen city wall of the Three Kingdoms period was found under the earthen city wall of the Tang Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, the surface of the Tucheng wall in Jingzhou was 8.25 meters, which was close to 3.05 meters below the ground. Its construction soil is gray-black clay and yellow-brown sandy soil, and the excavation thickness of the cultural layer is 0.8-1.25m. The construction method of the city wall has the characteristics of the Three Kingdoms period: rammed layer by layer, rammed layer thick, rammed nest round, 7-8cm in diameter and 0.5cm in depth. At the same time, a number of typical cultural relics from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period were unearthed. Guan Yu guarded Jingzhou for ten years. "It is the general policy of governors and county chiefs to rule battlements first" (Jiangling County Records). In order to defend Sun Wu in the east and Cao Cao in the north, building and renovating Jingzhou city wall is the primary task of military equipment.

Eastern Jin Dynasty to Sui and Tang Dynasties. "Jiangling County Records" said: "In the first year of Jin Yonghe (AD 345), Huan Wen was the secretariat of Jingzhou in Xiakou Town, and returned to Jiangling in eight years, starting from Daying City". Archaeological data confirmed that the rammed earth city walls from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties were 1.6- 1.7 meters high and 6.5 meters wide, which were superimposed under the five dynasties city walls, confirming the authenticity of the literature records. Huan Wen's camp actually integrated the old city with the city built by Guan Yu, but it didn't simply connect the old city before Guan Yu with the city built by Guan Yu. These two cities are scattered in the east and west. When Huan Wen is building, it is bound to be repaired, that is, the so-called historical records on the plane are "added", and the "added" on the facade is to heighten and thicken the city walls. The city built in Huan Wen is slightly bigger than the old two cities, and even bigger than Jingzhou City now. After the two cities were connected, the wall was not demolished, thus forming a partition wall in the city. In the second year of Jin Yuan Xing (AD 403), Huan Xuan, the son of Huan Wen, sought Jingzhou and usurped the throne and proclaimed himself emperor. The name of the founding country was Chu, and the year number was changed to forever. The next year, he was killed in the west of the city. In the third year of Qi Yongyuan (AD 50 1), Xiao Baorong set up Jingzhou City to ensure peace. In the year of Emperor Liang Chengsheng Yuan (AD 552), Xiao Yi proclaimed himself emperor and made Jingzhou his capital. When Hou Jing rebelled, I managed to make it 70 miles outside the city, and the trees were hedged, so I dug ditches and guarded it. There are famous gardens "Xiangdong Garden" and libraries "Dongge Bamboo Hall" in the city. In 555 AD, the Western Wei Dynasty divided Jingzhou into two cities, east and west, and naturally used the existing partition walls in the city. In the 14th year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (AD 6 18), Xiao Xian, the empress of the Liang Dynasty, called Liang Di and made Jiangling its capital. In the first year of Shangyuan in Tang Suzong (AD 7 16), Jingzhou City was named "Du Nan", and Yongping Army was added to strengthen military equipment. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that the partition wall in Jingzhou was removed.

From the Five Dynasties to the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. "Jingzhou Fuzhi" records: "In the second year of Liang Gan (9 12 BC), Gao Jixing built a heavy city and rebuilt Xiongchu Building. The Wang Sha building is covered by a fence. There are hundreds of thousands of people holding cups, and the guests and friends in the school are all local gangs. " "Jingzhou County Records" said: "More bricks are dug from foreign Wuli tombs to build cities. After work, on a gloomy night, I often smell the devil crying and see the phosphorus fire. "High tomb brick (autumn tile) city, brick source tension, nature can't be built as complete and solid as later generations, but it is the beginning of Jingzhou city with bricks. Jingzhou's urban construction model has made a qualitative leap. It is 6 meters high and 7.6 meters wide. The brick city foundation is 0.9 m wide and 0.6 m high 1. 1 m, and there are two layers of brick footguards outside the brick wall. On the basis of bricks, a brick-soil mixed wall is rammed with clay between broken bricks. The lower part is the same width as the brick foundation, and the upper part is the same height as the Five Dynasties Tucheng wall. Bricks used for building walls are all tomb bricks from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which are completely consistent with the literature records. The discovery of brick walls in the Five Dynasties advanced the history of building brick walls in Jingzhou City by more than 400 years.

Southern Song Dynasty to the end of Yuan Dynasty. According to the "Jingzhou Fuzhi" cloud: "Song Jing Jing Kang's difficulty, shovel destroyed, shovel also blocked. During the Xichun period, Zhao Xiong was entrusted by Anfu to build the city, which began in September of the twelfth year (AD 1 185) and will be completed in July next year, with 21 miles of brick city and more than 1,000 bunkers. " . And fired the "special city brick" used to build the city, and the brick was engraved with a simple inscription of responsibility, which lasted ten years (1250). Prime Minister Jia Sidao ordered the fortification to be completed. According to the excavated data, the brick wall in Song Dynasty is included in the existing brick wall in Ming Dynasty, with a width of 0.6-0.8m and a height slightly lower than that in Ming Dynasty. Although the city wall was badly damaged, it was basically formed. The bricks used are still narrow and short bricks, and there are no wide and long wall bricks. The inner side of the brick wall in Song Dynasty, such as the earth wall in Song Dynasty, is 7.5 meters wide and 3 meters high, leaning against the five-generation wall. In the 12th year of Yuan Shizu (1275), the Yuan Army captured Jingzhou City. The following year, imperial edicts destroyed Hanjing Lake City. Archaeological data confirmed that the Jingzhou city wall was not razed to the ground at this time, but it was seriously damaged.

From the beginning of Ming dynasty to the end of Ming dynasty. Jingzhou County Records said: "In the 12th year of Zhiyuan (AD 1278), Yuan Shizu was appointed as Hanjing Lake City". During the reign of Chen Jia in Ming Taizu (1364, 24th year of Yuan Dynasty), the Jingzhou city wall destroyed in Yuan Dynasty was still built in Zhangyangjing, Huguangping. On Monday, the city wall had 38 1 steps, 18 miles, 20 feet 6 inches high and 6 doors. The city is 10 foot wide and 1 foot deep. During the period from Hongwu to Wanli in Ming Dynasty, the maintenance and construction of brick walls in Jingzhou reached a climax. In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1643), Zhang was trapped in Jiangling, and it didn't take long for him to move westward, so he ordered the demolition of the city. Demolition of the city may only cause partial damage to some city walls. According to archaeological excavations and observation of three city walls, there is no trace of Zhang being destroyed. The unearthed brick wall foundation of Ming Dynasty was built on the old foundation of Song Dynasty, and the earth wall was only partially raised. Brick walls in the Ming Dynasty were 0.7 meters wide and 7.5 meters high. Bricks were long and wide walls. Brick walls in Ming Dynasty and Song Dynasty were connected by nails. The earthen city wall in Ming Dynasty was superimposed on the earthen city wall in Song Dynasty, with a width of 9.5 meters and a height of 4.5 meters.

In the Qing dynasty. According to the "Jiangling County Records", "In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, thieves were trapped in Jingzhou and lost their walls". In the third year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1646), Li Xifeng and Zheng Siwei of Jingnan Daotai rebuilt according to the old foundation of Ming Dynasty. "The military and civilian reconstruction is as good as the old site." During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, there was a wall in the city, with the Eight Banners of Manchuria in the east, which was called the whole city. On the west is the official residence, called Seoul. Jingzhou City suffered from frequent floods in Qing Dynasty, and the repair work was frequent. Only in Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties, every four repairs will cost more than 229,600 silver. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1727), the 21st year of Qianlong (A.D. 1756) and the 53rd year of Qianlong (A.D. 1788), the walls of Jingzhou were repaired. Especially in the fifty-third year of Qianlong, Wancheng levee burst, water entered from the west gate, and the city walls collapsed in many places. From 54 to 57 years of Qianlong, the Qing court paid more than 200,000 yuan in silver and ordered A Gui and other imperial academy students to repair the city wall. At that time, Shuijinmen (southwest corner of the city) and Xiaobeimen retreated dozens of feet due to low terrain, and the southeast corner of the city retreated dozens of feet, thus eventually shaping the scale of Jingzhou City.

With the end of the cold weapon era, the military function of Jingzhou City gradually lost. However, people have never been idle in the maintenance and protection of Jingzhou City. 1987, when excavating the west wall of Xiejiashan, a city brick engraved with the words "Bingzinian" was found, which proved to be a relic of the twenty-fifth year of the Republic of China (1936). Bricks show that the national government has also carried out maintenance on Jingzhou city wall.