Introduction to Christianity
Ansgar, the Frankish friar, was the first to propose the Christianization in Sweden. He started the Christianization in Sweden in 830 AD. He was allowed to preach and build churches in bilka. But the Swedes are not interested. The second missionary from Frank was expelled. In 1930s, the new plan of the Archbishop of Hamburg, Unni, also failed like his predecessor. Uploading the patriarch on the vast land in the southwest was mainly done by British missionaries. In these places, the belief of Christ was accepted by most people in 1 1 century. In the middle, the temples in Uppsala still maintain their tenacious adherence to the worship of the sun. It was not until the temple was demolished in 1 1 century that Christianity really succeeded in occupying Sweden. The conflict between old and new beliefs has influenced Swedish politics in the 1 1 century. Ruler Olaf Scott Conan was baptized in Scala around 1000. He was the son of Eric the Conqueror, the founder of the Northern Kingdom, and brought many Anglo-Saxon workers to Sweden. He fought St Olaf in Norway, won some land, and then lost it. He and his sons An und Anund acob (Anund Jakob) and Canute (about 1022 to 1050) and Emund Old (em und Deng Gamle) (1050-60) supported the new faith. Missionaries came from Norway, Denmark, even Russia and France, and some came from Hamburg. These people have completed the transformation. Especially in Gotland, it is the center of the dynasty and has a good foundation laid by predecessors. Many people who once worshipped refused to give up their faith, and civil war and quarrel were inevitable. In the 1 century after Olaf's death, it is worth noting that there was a war between Goths and Swedes. There seems to be a religious conflict.
When and where Sweden was founded has always been an open question. Some historians believe that the embryonic form of Sweden appeared in vastergotland and Ostergotland, the southeast and southwest of the country respectively. Others believe that Sweden was founded by Swedes in Lake Mara in Uppsala, and then conquered the central provinces and Gothia. There is evidence that in the late Viking era, that is, the eleventh century, there was a loose provincial alliance in Sweden. Local leaders have repeatedly found that they are the legitimate rulers of Sweden, but they can only manage their own provinces. Swedish provinces began their joint attempt in the 12 century. The documents cited by Swedes to prove their existence as an independent United Kingdom are orders from the Holy See. This document directly led to the emergence of a parish with its own bishop in Sweden in 1 164.
/kloc-Sweden in the 0/2nd century was composed of the alliance of Gothia and Sviland, and the alliance of these two parts became the most unified kingdom in the first half of the 0/2nd century. At this time, the southern provinces of Skyne, Harlan and Blekinger were under Danish rule. Bohusland in the west, Jamtland and Harjedaren in the north are still under Norwegian rule. 1 134, Sverk, a member of a famous family from Ostgotland, was appointed king, and this province has now become the political center of Sweden. He favored the church and built many monasteries for French monks. He was murdered on 1 156. During and after Svok's rule, Swedes and Goths merged and became rulers from two ethnic groups alternately. Maybe Svok was king before and after the merger. This arrangement lasted 1 century. The monarchy was gradually built on a solid foundation. The establishment of many parishes (including Uppsala, 1 163) marked the development of Christianity. The first monasteries were also established during this period. In the later period of Sifogg's reign, an authoritative saint Eric Jedwasson was declared king of Sveland. During his reign (1150-1160), history called it a short golden age. He commanded a crusade against Finland and died in 1 160. His expedition was the first real expansion of Sweden, and he was chased as a saint of Sweden.
civil war
1 167, Knut the Great, the son of Eckery, killed Carl Swekson, the son of Swaker, and was recognized as the king of the country. Knut the Great established a monetary system for church institutions and built a castle in Stockholm. Now he died in 1 196, and in the following 50 years, members of the Eckery family and the Swaker family each succeeded to the throne. When the civil war between the two families continued, the Archbishop of Uppsala was established and the country was divided into five parishes. Through sacred laws, the church has obtained the right to independently judge justice and taxation, and is protected by royal privileges. And powerful people began to fight for the right to stand for election through the church. The earliest enfeoffment of saints took place in the period of Eric Knutson in 12 10. The church also issued a crusade against Finland and the Baltic coast, which was a joint action of missionary and conquest. 1229 Knut II (Knut L? Nge) abolished Erik Eriksson. The Eric family refused to accept it. 1229, Eric Eriksson regained the throne.
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/3rd century, the civil war ended. At that time, the key figure in Sweden was Al (Earl) Berger Magney Jar, a famous member of the Folkung family. Magney and Song family guided the military practice of Crusades and external expansion. 1248, Bilger was appointed as the patriarch of Magney Song Dynasty by Lespa Eric Xi, the last member of Eric family, and Bilger was Eric Xi's brother-in-law. Wald, the eldest son of Bill Gill, was appointed king after the death of Eric Eriksson. After Bigger defeated the rebels, he faithfully assisted his son in running the country. Bilger was the actual ruler of 1266 before his death. During his reign, the central power was strengthened throughout the country through the royal bill, and local laws could not affect the progress of this process. These bills include bills that give more protection to women, churches, courts and improve women's inheritance rights. He also abolished the burning law, chose to end serfdom, encouraged business, sponsored German craftsmen to settle down, and suppressed aristocratic rights. He tried to introduce a typical European feudal system and seal other schools in a semi-independent principality.
Magnus Daranas deposed his brother Valdema I in 1279 and imprisoned him. Magnus I continued to carry out his father's feudal New Deal, expanded the power of priests and established hereditary nobles. As citizens become rich through trade and mining, more and more town licenses are issued. During the reign of his son, Bilger, the two brothers suffered from civil war and chaotic rule, and they were finally captured and executed. This move led to large-scale violence and Bigger was expelled. His three-year-old nephew Magnus II Smyk succeeded to the throne.
Magnus II Smyk was regent by his mother during 13 19-1333. He was a weak ruler, but because of his mother, he inherited the Norwegian throne (13 19), and managed to temporarily acquire Kana, Harlan and Blekinger during the difficult period in Denmark (1360 lost to Valdemar IV). Because he was a minor for a long time, relying on those despicable slaves, the kingship was obviously weakened and the aristocratic parties rose accordingly. 1359 held the first "congress" including citizens. Magnus II Smyk was finally deposed. Haakon Magnus (H? Magnusson) acceded to the throne as king.
1363, the nobles established Al blackett (mecklenburg) as the king, but he was just a tool of the nobles from the beginning. 1388, the nobles deposed him, defeated him and gave the throne to Queen Margaret of Denmark. Historically known as the Kalmar Union.
Prehistoric period: about 654.38 million years ago to the 4th century.
As early as the Stone Age after the glacier retreated, there were already people living in Sweden. Rock paintings dating from about 9000 BC were found in Yemtran province in northern Sweden. By 1 century BC, Europeans along the Mediterranean began to understand the residents living in the Baltic region. With the formation of trade routes from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, ironware from southern Europe was introduced into Scandinavia. The hides and amber of northern Europe were sold to Greece and Rome.
The written history of Sweden can be traced back to around 700 AD. Tacitus, an ancient Roman historian, wrote in the first century A.D. In Germania, he first mentioned some tribes who lived in the interior of Scandinavia and engaged in hunting and gathering food.
At the end of the Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries, Scandinavian tribes known as "ethnic workshops" exported a large number of immigrants to western and southern Europe. It is said that the Goths came from what is now Gotland, Sweden. The Soviets are from the south coast of Sweden.
Piracy period: 4th century to 1 1 century.
Compared with Danes and Norwegians, Swedes in the pirate period paid more attention to commercial trade than to conquest and colonization. They are committed to expanding to the east and southeast, and their influence once reached as far as the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Here, Swedes exchange furs, metals and other products with Arabs and even more oriental peoples. They have arrived in Constantinople (the Swedes call it Mikraga? Rd), Jerusalem (known as Jorsalir) and Baghdad (s? Rkland). Many ancient English and Arabic coins were found in Sweden.
The Swedes first arrived in the Gulf of Finland, neva river and the northern shore of Lake Ladoga, where they established their strongholds, continued south and established a principality in Novgorod. According to the records of a brother in Kiev, a Swede entered the hinterland of Eastern Europe and established Kiev Ross. They are called Varjager. The process went like this: the Vikings were driven out because the Slavs were heavily taxed, but the Slavs fell into chaos. It is suggested that a king be invited from other countries to rule them. So the emissary came to Sweden and the three brothers became candidates. They are Ryurik, Hingis and Truvo. They later became the rulers of Novgorod, Belarus and Izz Bisca. After the death of Xinus and Truffaut, Ryurik took over their land. His successor Oleg conquered Kiev and the state of Kiev in Russia was founded. [Source Request]
The Kingdom of Sweden was formed in about 1 1 century. Ancient legends left the names and deeds of several early Swedish kings.
Late middle ages
In the early days of the kingdom, Sweden was a loose kingdom composed of some independent provinces. Every province has its own laws. The king is responsible for the coordination among provinces and the organization of foreign wars. /kloc-in the 0/2 century, the royal power has been very strong, and unified taxation and laws have been formed throughout the country.
In A.D. 1 157, Sweden conquered the coastal areas of Finland and continued to expand to the southeast.
In order to fight against the powerful Hanseatic League in the North Sea and Baltic Sea, Denmark, Norway and Sweden held a meeting in Kalmar, southeastern Sweden, on 1397, and decided to establish the Kalmar League led by Denmark. Since then, Sweden and Norway have surrendered to the rule of the Danish king, while retaining the status of the kingdom.
However, during the alliance period, conflicts between Swedes and Danes continued. 1520, King Christian II of Denmark entered Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, and suppressed an independence movement. Subsequently, Gustav Vasa, a local aristocrat, organized a movement against the Allies in Dalana province. Soon, the forces opposed to Danish rule controlled most of Sweden. The resistance movement got help from Lubeck, an ally of Hanseatic League who was hostile to Denmark, and entered Stockholm. 1523, the Danish army failed to suppress the armed resistance. Sweden gained independence. Gustav Vasa was elected king of Sweden and established the Vasa dynasty. However, the King of Sweden immediately renounced relations with Lubeck.
Gustav Vasa was born in a noble family in Sweden. In the early16th century, his father, eric johnson, participated in Sten Sture's activities against Danish rule. Swedes hope to end the Kalmar Union and restore national independence. Because this alliance is obviously only beneficial to Denmark. Young Gustav Vasa also participated in a series of activities against Danish rule. He was captured by the Danes at the Battle of Kirka in Hublin on12, but managed to escape. Later, he returned to Sweden on 1520, trying to recruit an army against the Danes in Dalana province, but with little success. 1520, King Christian II of Denmark led troops into Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, to suppress the Swedish rebellion. The opposition aristocrat headed by Steyr was arrested and executed in June of that year (the so-called Stockholm Massacre). Among the victims was Gustav's father, eric johnson, and Gustav himself survived. He fled to Rana province, 152 1 year, where he successfully formed a volunteer army. German cities Leipzig and Lubeck (belonging to the Hanseatic League, whose commercial interests are closely related to Sweden) gave him great help, including some soldiers. In August, the residents of Dalana elected Gustav Vasa as Regent and the supreme ruler of Sweden. In the next two years, he fought against the Danish army who came to crusade. 1523 On June 6th, Gustav Vasa was elected as the king of Sweden in the parliament held in Stranis. This day later became the national day of Sweden (Gustav Vasa was officially crowned in Uppsala Cathedral on June1528+1October 2 1). After a long siege, Gustav Vasa's army recaptured Stockholm from the Danes on June 24th. In the era of Gustav Vasa, the Kalmar Union was officially abolished. 1523, Christian II's throne in Denmark was deposed by rebellious nobles; Gustav was closely related to the new king Frederik 1, who was supported by nobles. After a cruel struggle, Christian II failed to be captured and eventually died in prison. Immediately after taking power, Gustav Vasa expelled Gustav Teller, the Swedish Catholic Archbishop who colluded with the Danes. Then, he wrote to Pope Clemente VII, asking him to accept his new archbishop, Johannes Magnus. Of course, he completely obeyed the king. The Pope, of course, rejected his request and asked him to immediately restore the post of Archbishop of Terol. This is obviously unacceptable to Gustav Vasa. In the case of the Pope's uncompromising attitude towards the teaching position in Teller, Gustav Vasa finally decided to be the archbishop himself (153 1), so the Pope completely lost his influence on the Swedish church. During the period of1520s, the Patri brothers, a Lutheran teacher in Sweden, tried to introduce Protestantism into this country. 1526, The New Testament translated into Swedish was published in Sweden. This activity is obviously strongly supported by Gustav Vasa, who is undergoing centralized political reform. He hopes to concentrate all power in his own hands and does not want the Pope to have any chance to interfere in Swedish politics. 1527, he confiscated the property of the Catholic church and destroyed its economic power. By 1540, a complete translation of the Bible had been published, which was called the Gustav Vasa Bible.
Gustav Vasa's centralized policy has aroused strong opposition from some Swedes. There have been several large-scale popular uprisings in Dalana province and other areas (1524- 1525, 1542- 1543). Gustav Vasa brutally suppressed these uprisings and dismembered Niels Dyke, the leader of the 1542 uprising. Next, the church caused him trouble. In the1540s, he executed almost all the Patrice brothers and the archbishop appointed by himself.
154 1 year, Gustav Vasa formed an alliance with Danish King Christian III (son of Frederik 1), and with the help of the latter, Sweden ended its long-term vassal relationship with the Hanseatic League, a German commercial city group. At the same time, he actively promoted the commercial development of his country and soon became one of the richest monarchs in Europe.
Gustav Vasa's collection of letters "K? How are you? Rstes registratur is an important material for studying Swedish history in16th century.
Roman Catholicism was introduced into Sweden from Denmark in the 10 century, and it was quickly consolidated. After Sweden's independence, Protestant Lutheranism gained a dominant position. 1593 Lutheranism became the state religion of Sweden.
Gustav Adolphus succeeded to the Swedish throne in 16 1 1 and then participated in the Thirty Years' War. He married Maria Eleonora, the daughter of the Elector of Brandenburg, and Elbin of Prussia (Elbin, now ElPrague, Elbin? G) As the base of his fighting in Germany, he died in Luzon, Germany on1632165438+1October 6.
Gustav established small towns such as Gothenburg during his reign, and established Tartu University in Tartu, Estonia. At that time, the three major cities in the Kingdom of Sweden were Riga (now the capital of Latvia), Stockholm and Tallinn (now the capital of Estonia).
Gustav Adolphus, the northern lion, confronted Count Tilly at the turning point of the famous Battle of Brittenfield (163 1). Gustav is famous for his flexible use of field guns. In addition, he pays attention to active attack, and emphasizes maneuverability more than general linear operations. He commanded musketeers equipped with muskets to shoot accurately, and the loading speed was three times that of soldiers from other countries at that time. Modern military schools call it superior firepower. Therefore, both clausewitz and Napoleon regarded Gustav Adolphus as one of the greatest commanders since ancient times. He persevered and approached his officers and soldiers, for which he won great prestige. Gustav is eager to go to the front. He was shot in the neck, throat and abdomen, and a bullet was left in his neck near his spine. So he can't wear the common metal breastplate, because the breastplate will compress the gunshot wound and cause severe pain. Gustav wore a light leather armor in the Battle of Luzon, which is now displayed in the Swedish Palace Livrustkammaren. Gustav traveled around Europe incognito when he was young, with the purpose of studying and consulting potential allies and enemies. The name Gass is the Latin acronym for Gustavus Adolphus Rex Sueciae. In novels, kings often travel from humble status under the pseudonym of civilians, but the only monarch who really put it into practice in history is Gustav. Gustav was a highly enlightened ruler, who strictly controlled the Swedish aristocracy and supported the industrial and commercial class against the aristocratic class. 1630 From June to July, he began to March into northern Germany. Gustav had only 4,000 officers and men. But he soon consolidated the Protestant sphere of influence. 163 1 September, even when the allied forces in Saxony fled, Gustav dealt a heavy blow to the Catholic army that ruled Saxony at that time in the first battle of Brittenfield. So he planned to invade other parts of the Holy Roman Empire. 1632 In March, Gustav invaded Bavaria, forcing Catholic troops to retreat in the Battle of Lech River, which was the climax of the Swedish stage of the Thirty Years' War. In the summer of the same year, he tried to find a political solution to ensure the existing German vassal structure and the interests of Protestants at the same time, but the realization of this policy depended on his success on the battlefield.
1632 1 1 month, at the critical moment of the battle of Luzon, Gustav led his cavalry into the dense smoke, lost contact with the main force and died in the battlefield. After Gustav died, his wife Maria Eleonora left his body and heart in her castle for more than a year. Now his body (including his heart) is buried in Stockholm. Shortly after Gustav's death, the old Swedish Parliament decided in February 1633 to give him the title of "The Great", thus becoming "Gustav Adolf Deng Shop" (in Swedish). So far, this honor has not been awarded to Ren and others.
Modern Times
In several wars in the16th century, Sweden defeated the armies of Denmark and Poland and became the land military overlord of northern Europe. During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden joined the Protestant camp and went deep into the hinterland of the Holy Roman Empire. 1632, King Gustav II Adolf was killed in the battle of Luzon Island. In the Battle of Nadlingen in 1634, the Swedish army was defeated and retreated to China. 1642, Sweden sent troops to Germany again. 1648, the allied forces of France and Sweden finally defeated the Holy Roman Emperor and signed the Peace Treaty of Westphalia, ending the war. Sweden acquired German territory in former Pomerania, Wisma, Ben Wilden and Bremen. After the Thirty Years' War, Sweden's power in the Baltic Sea reached its peak.
1625, Sweden took control of the territory of Livonia (a part of Estonia and Latvia).
monarch
Uppsala dynasty
985-995: Erik VI Menved
995- 1022: orlov Schet Connor.
1022—1050: Ann and Jacob (Ann and Jacob) and Canut.
1050— 1060:Emund the Old(Emund den gamle)
Stan Kirstan Kerr dynasty
1060 ——1066: Stengel (Stengel Lagevald Song)
1066—— 1067: Eric Of Pomerania (Eric (VII) Stangersson).
1066 ——1067: Eric Eric (VIII)
1067 ——1070: Hallsten (Hallsten)
1070 ——1079: red hakan (h? kan R？ Germany)
1079— 1084:Inge I(Inge(I)den？ ldre)
1084 ——1087: Blot-Sven
1087— 1 105:Inge I(Inge(I)den？ ldre)
1105—118: Philip Hallsten (Philip Hallsten)
1105 ——1125: Ingold II
1125—1130: Strong Magnus
The house of the Sverk and Eric dynasties
1130-1156: Verk Deng? Vekker family
1156-1160: Eric Deng Helige-Eric Family.
1160-1167: Karl sverkersson)-Svec family.
1167-1195: Knut the Great-Eric Family.
1196-1208: sverker denyngre-swacker family.
1208-12 16: Eric Knutson)-Eric family.
1216-1222: John I-Swacker family.
1222-1229: Eric Eriksson)-Eric family
1229-1234: Knut II (Knut L? nge)
1234-1250: Eric Eriksson)-Eric family (reset)
foikungar
1250-1275: Waldmar I.
1275-1290: Magnus I.
1290-13 18: Berg
13 19 - 1364
1356-1359: Eric XII
1362-1364: hakan magnus? Kan magnusson)
Mecklenburg dynasty
1363-1389: Al blackett (mecklenburg) (German name: albrecht)
Kalma United
Margaret (Queen of Denmark)
1396-1439: Eric XIII (King of Denmark)
1438-1440: Swedish Regent Carl Knudsen.
144 1 year-1448: Christopher (King of Denmark)
1448: Swedish directors Bent Jansson and Niels Jansson (Oxensteinstein family).
1448-1457: Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde
1457: Jan bengtsson, Regent of Sweden (Oxensteiner family).
1457-1464: Christian 1
1464-1465: Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde
1465: Swedish Regent Coty Carlsson (Vasa family)
1465-1466: Jan bengtsson, Swedish regent (Oxenstierna family).
1466-1467: Erik akselson, Swedish regent (Toth family).
1467-1470: Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde
1470-1497: Sture Sr, Swedish Regent (Sture family).
1497-150 1 year: John II (that is, Danish king Hans).
150 1 year-1503: Sture Sr, Swedish Regent (Sture family).
1504-151year: Svante Nihlsson Sture, Regent of Sweden (Sture family).
15 12: Eric Trolley, Swedish Regent (Trolley family)
15 12-1520: Winston Sture, Jr., Regent of Sweden (Sture family).
1520-152 1 Year: Christian II (King of Denmark)
Vasa dynasty
Vasa 152 1 year-1560 in Gustav Vasa.
Eric XIV of Sweden, Sweden 1560-1568
Johan III 1568-1592
Sigismund 1592-1599
Karl IX1599-1611year
Gustav II Adolf1611-1632
Christina 1632-1654