Over the past 100 years, Beijing Normal University has always shared the same fate with the Chinese nation's progressive cause of striving for independence, freedom, democracy and prosperity. * * * Fate, teachers and students of Normal University and their successors played an important role in the May 4th, December 9th and other patriotic movements. A large number of famous teachers, such as Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Liang Qichao, Qian, Wu,,, Chen Yuan, Hou Wailu, Bai Shouyi, etc. , has taught here in Hong Wen. Over the past century, Beijing Normal University has trained more than 200,000 outstanding teachers and various professionals, making outstanding contributions to the educational and cultural undertakings of the Chinese nation. After more than one hundred years of development, Beijing Normal University has formed a fine tradition of "patriotism, progress, honesty, simplicity, truth-seeking, innovation and being a teacher" and a school motto of "learning to be a teacher and be a teacher", which has made important contributions to personnel training, scientific research and social service and written a glorious chapter in the history of modern education in China. [2]

Historical event

The Establishment of Shi Jing University Teachers College

1908 in may, the Qing government decided to change the excellent normal department of Shi Jing university into the excellent normal school of Shi Jing university, and appointed Chen Wenxian as the supervisor of the reconstruction of the 50% school building in Changdian. This is the beginning of the independent establishment of normal universities in China. Its school site is Beijing Normal University 1952 Qianhepingmen. However, Wucheng School built another school building on the east side of the original school site, renamed Wucheng Middle School, which was the predecessor of No.1 Middle School Attached to Beijing Normal University. On June165438+1October 14, a grand opening ceremony was held in the Normal University, attended by Zhang Zhidong, assistant minister Zuo Yan Xiu and assistant minister You Baoxi. Zhang Zhidong gave an instruction: normal education is the source of all education, and excellent normal education in the capital is the standard of national education. Therefore, if the stars fight in the north and Beidou is light, the stars will not tell it is Beidou. Therefore, the relationship between capital and teachers is of course important, but I hope you gentlemen will be kind and not lazy to learn. I want to send it again, and it is expected to be in these days. Zhang Zhidong not only emphasized the importance of normal education, but also compared the excellent normal schools in the capital with the leading geese in the national higher normal education, emphasizing that they are "vital" to the country and "trusted here", hoping to live up to the great trust, prosper and shine brilliantly. The establishment of Teachers College of Shi Jing University was abolished, but it was passed down from generation to generation from Beijing Normal University, the superior normal school of Shi Jing University. Today, Beijing Normal University is not only the leader of China Normal University, but also a well-known and important institution at home and abroad. Beijing Normal University is preparing to celebrate its centenary. At the same time, in order to keep pace with the times and create more glories in the new century, she recently put forward a new school-running goal: to build a comprehensive, distinctive, domestic first-class and world-famous research university. The sages Liang Qichao, Cecilia Cheung and Zhang Zhidong were all learned underground. When I smile, I am not alone.

The Role of Teachers College in Shi Jing University

Although Teachers College has only existed for seven years, it is the first work in the history of higher education in China, especially higher normal education, and occupies an important position. To sum up, we can draw the following conclusions:

First, the Normal College is rigorous in running schools and has made remarkable achievements. Wang Daoyuan said: "There are two graduates before and after the Teachers College. In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, there were many important people. Naturally, their advantages and disadvantages have not been concealed. There are also many people engaged in lifelong education. " [6] ("Overview of Outstanding Teachers in Normal College of Shi Jing University") is a simple theory. Take the students in 1 period as an example, which shows that they are full of talents. For example, Liao, the 1 graduate, went to Japan to study in the same year, and after returning to China in the same year, he became the supervisor (principal) of Guangxi Excellent Normal School. 1913—1917 President of Guangdong Teachers College for Nationalities (predecessor of Sun Yat-sen University). Hu Renyuan was the president of Peking University after the Revolution of 1911. 1903 Among the students sent abroad to study, there are many talents. He Yujie, who returned from 1909, is a famous physicist in China. He used to be a professor in Peking University and Beijing Normal University. 1940 Academia Sinica used to specialize in research

The "He Yujie Physics Memorial Award" was established. Wang Tongling, 19 12, has been a professor at Beijing Normal University since he returned to China. He is a famous historian in China. Feng Zugou is a famous physicist and educator in China. After returning to China, he is also a professor at Beijing Normal University. Yu Tongkui, who returned to China as a professor in Peking University, is a famous chemist in China. If these people are the best in education; Then, Gu Zhongxiu and others are mostly political celebrities. Gu was a member of the Senate and House of Representatives of Nanjing Provisional Government. Gallas was a member of the Senate, a law professor in Peking University and the Minister of Justice. Wu Jinglian, a member of the League, has served as a member and speaker of the Senate. It is really commendable that so many talents can emerge among the first-phase graduates. Of course, among the graduates of these two normal universities, more are engaged in teaching, and they have made great contributions to the formation and development of modern normal education in China. At the same time, as mentioned above, the students in teachers' colleges have high political enthusiasm and are the main force in the patriotic activities of students in Capital University Hall. Of course, this is related to the background of the rising nationalism in China at that time, but we should also see that the hosts and teachers of university halls are mostly patriots, and their subtle influence on students cannot be ignored. Zhang Baixi, the minister of management, rebuilt Shi Jing University Hall and talked earnestly about management, aiming at saving the country through education. He was very sympathetic to the students' patriotic actions, and actually acquiesced in and defended them. The students are well aware of this, so Zhang is very famous among the students. Teachers and students of the university held a rally to reject Russia. It was teacher Fan Yuanlian who gave the first speech on stage, which made the students cry. And Lin Shu's farewell speech to the students of teachers college is precisely patriotism and dedication. Peking University and Beijing Normal University are both famous schools with revolutionary traditions. Obviously, they have inherited the patriotic tradition of students in Shi Jing University, and they are the backbone of students in normal colleges.

Secondly, normal colleges, as the starting point of higher normal education in China, have far-reaching influence.

First of all, from the perspective of educational philosophy, the establishment of normal colleges indicates that China people have formed a clearer concept of normal education. Shi Jing University Hall is the first national university in modern China. The teacher's hall is not only her core and foundation, but also the first graduate of the teacher's hall and her first graduate. This is very intriguing. It shows that teacher education has been highly valued by the government, so Zhang Zhidong said that "teacher education is the source of all education". Over the past century, "normal education is the mother machine of the whole education work" has long been immersed in the knowledge of Chinese people. Today, with the establishment of the national policy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, it is obviously of great practical significance to inherit and carry forward this excellent educational tradition.

Secondly, from the perspective of education system, the establishment of normal colleges means that the education of teachers in high and primary schools constitutes a vertical and complete system. Later, the teachers' college was separated from the university hall and a higher teachers' college was established in Shi Jing, which marked the establishment of the modern independent teachers' college system in China. In the next century, despite frequent disputes, this relatively independent normal university was not abolished, but flourished. This shows that this system conforms to the national conditions, it supports the largest basic education building in the world, and its great contribution to China's educational development and social progress in the past 100 years cannot be overestimated;

Finally, the curriculum structure and teacher training paradigm designed by Teachers' College, in which professional courses and education courses are integrated, have also fundamentally laid the foundation and mode for running a normal school in China in the past hundred years.

Limitations of Teachers College of Shi Jing University

Of course, the limitations of normal universities are also obvious. Because the students are older and less educated (mainly referring to the knowledge of modern natural science and social science), many people have not got rid of the shackles of feudal fame and wealth, and the teachers are also insufficient, which naturally restricts the level and quality of running a normal school. More importantly, Shi Jing University Hall is, after all, organized by the decadent Qing government. It pursues the policy of being loyal to the monarch and protecting Taoism, which fundamentally restricts the development of the whole Shi Jing University Hall, including normal schools. It is in this sense that some commentators believe that "its essence is still a semi-colonial and semi-feudal school." It is still far from the requirements of modern universities. "However, from the point of view of historical materialism, the important issue is that the normal college is a historic move after all, and it has made great contributions. Yu Tongkui said, "This garden was reclaimed by Sun Jianai, the Capital University Hall of the 1898 Movement, and Mr. Zhang Baixi planted excellent seeds. I can't help thinking of his old man's house when I write here. The plan at that time was far-reaching and grand, and it was not easy to overcome all kinds of difficulties and cultivate this delicate seedling. Shi Jing University occupies an important page in the history of education in China. We, Mr. Zhang Baixi, really occupy an important position in this page of education history. " Forty-six years ago, I was admitted to my alma mater. I should take this view from Mr. Zhang Baixi and the normal school founded by Mr. Zhang. In addition, although China's higher normal education is facing a profound transformation after a hundred years of development, Beijing Normal University has put forward a new goal of building a comprehensive, distinctive and internationally renowned research university, which also means that it is not a normal university in the original sense. However, the establishment of normal college itself highlights the basic and overall role of teacher education and the historical trend of teacher specialization.

Potential, but it has lasting significance, which is worthy of our conscious grasp in the process of implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. This is also the practical significance of studying the Teachers College of Shi Jing University.

Historical position

The Beginning of Higher Normal Education in China

Throughout the history of world education development, as an educational institution specialized in training teachers, normal schools originated in France and Germany in the 17 and 18 centuries. In China, normal education came into being at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. From 65438 to 0897, Sheng Xuanhuai founded Nanyang Public School in Shanghai, which was the beginning of normal education in China. 1902, Teachers College was established in Shi Jing University Hall, which was the beginning of higher normal education in China. Therefore, Beijing Normal University is not only the earliest higher normal school in China, but also its construction process truly records the development of higher normal education in China.

/kloc-At the end of the 9th century, the Qing government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and was forced to sign the humiliating treaty of shimonoseki. After that, imperialism set off a frenzy to carve up China, and the national crisis became increasingly serious. People of insight in China felt the crisis of the current situation and rushed to save the country. Many patriots put forward that the essence of saving the country lies in opening new schools and cultivating talents. In the 24th year of Guangxu reign (1898), the Qing government formulated the Constitution of Shi Jing University Hall, which stipulated that Shi Jing University Hall could be divided into two types: general school and specialized school, and there was also a normal school and a compilation bureau. Later, after the Reform Movement of 1898, the Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nation Alliance's occupation of Beijing, Shi Jing University was closed. 190 1 year, the Qing government appointed Zhang Baixi as the minister of management and presided over the reconstruction of Shi Jing University Hall. Considering that "the country is in urgent need of materials", we first set up a crash course, which is divided into "official school" and "normal school". Teachers colleges enroll students first, and the course officially started on190265438+February 17. Shi Jing University Normal School is not only the beginning of Beijing Normal University, but also the source of modern normal education in China.

1904 The Charter of Normal Schools promulgated by the Qing government divided normal schools into primary schools (normal schools established in various provinces) and excellent ones (normal schools in Shi Jing University Hall), and formulated the charter of normal schools, which stipulated in detail the school-running purpose, discipline classification, curriculum, admission requirements, graduation effectiveness and obligations. 1908 May, Shi Jing University was an excellent normal school. According to the actual situation at that time, Shi Jing Normal University compiled courses, introduced foreign modern courses and compiled teaching materials, which initially laid the foundation for normal education in China. Since then, China has a relatively complete and regular normal education system.

At the beginning of the founding of the Republic of China, warlords scuffled and the people were in dire straits. But people of insight in China still don't forget to develop modern education. 19 12, Shi Jing Normal University was changed to Beijing Normal University. 1923, with the support of all walks of life and the approval of the Ministry of Education at that time, Beijing Normal University was changed to National Beijing Normal University. 1925, 1908, Beijing Women's Teachers College was also changed to Beijing Women's Normal University. This is the first normal university in the history of China and a great event in the history of education in China, which indicates that education in China will enter a brand-new period.

The History of Beijing Normal University is not only the history of higher normal education in China, but also the condensed history of revolution and construction in China. The teachers and students of Beijing Normal University are not only devoted to learning knowledge, but also always concerned about the fate of the motherland. 19 19 in may, the news that representatives of Beiyang government would sign the Paris peace treaty to betray sovereignty reached China. On the evening of the 3rd, Beijing Normal University contacted Peking University and other schools overnight. On the 4th, the team of Beijing Normal University took the lead in arriving at Tiananmen Square, and together with the students from Peking University and other schools who arrived one after another, they angrily denounced the traitorous behavior of Beiyang government. In this historical feat that shocked China and foreign countries, students in normal universities played an important role in the occurrence and development of the May 4th Movement, making Beijing Normal University one of the cradles of the May 4th Movement.

1In July, 937, the Lugouqiao Incident occurred, the Japanese army occupied Beiping, and Beiping Normal University was forced to move to Xi 'an, forming Xi 'an Temporary University with National Beiping University and National Beiyang Institute of Technology. 1in the spring of 938, Xi Temporary University was moved to Hanzhong and renamed as National Northwest United University. Beiping Normal University is the Education College of Northwest Associated University, and later it was changed to Normal College. 1940, Northwest Normal University was ordered to move to Lanzhou, Gansu, and started from scratch again on the barren beach on the bank of the Yellow River. Therefore, it became the first national institution of higher learning in northwest China except Shaanxi, and made outstanding contributions to the development of general education and higher education in northwest China.

1949, a red sun lit up the land of China. Bathed in the dawn of new China, China's education has been transformed from now on. After the founding of New China, the Party and the government attached great importance to the development of higher normal education. Shortly after entering Beijing, President Mao Zedong visited Mr. li jinxi and other professors at Beijing Normal University to listen to their opinions on founding the country and governing the country. Soon, Chairman Mao inscribed the name of Beijing Normal University. Chairman Mao also personally summoned the president of Normal University and instructed all administrative organs to provide convenience for running Normal University well, so that Normal University can play a "demonstration" role in the national normal universities. With the care and support of the party and the government, the school was identified as one of the first ten key universities in China during the Seventh Five-Year Plan and the Eighth Five-Year Plan. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the school was first included in the national "2 1 1 project" construction plan. [2]

The standard-bearer of normal education in China

China's higher education, including China's higher normal education, has experienced a difficult and tortuous course since its birth, just like the modern China Revolution. Since the establishment of Teachers College of Shi Jing University, the tortuous development of modern education in China has been 100 years, and so has the tortuous development of modern history in China.

On the eve of the Reform Movement of 1898, Liang Qichao put forward the idea of setting up a "normal school" in the Constitution of Capital University, and shouted: "If you want to change old habits and promote intellectual learning, you must set up a normal school as the first meaning." After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, the struggle between old and new forces within the Qing government was fierce around Shi Jing University Hall. Sun Jianai, the minister of management science appointed by the Qing court, put forward eight problems in establishing official schools, but he kept his mouth shut about normal schools and refused to praise them. In this case, the higher normal education conceived by Liang Qichao and other reformists is out of the question. 1902, after Zhang Baixi was ordered to build Shi Jing University Hall, he bravely inherited and developed Liang Qichao's thoughts on normal education, emphasizing "running a school as a teacher first" and founded Shi Jing University Hall, thus finally taking a historic first step in promoting higher normal education in China.

After the Revolution of 1911, the government of the Republic of China designated six higher normal areas throughout the country, with Beijing as the first area. 1928, the national government once merged nine universities in Beiping into Beiping University. Under the strong opposition of teachers and students, Beiping Normal University regained its independence on 193 1 and merged with Beiping Women's Normal University to form a new national Beiping Normal University. After the establishment of the new school, Beijing Normal University has integrated the subject setting and is about to regain its glory. From 193 1 to 1932, there was a heated debate about the abolition of normal universities in China. In fact, since the reform of 192 1 year, all the original six normal universities in China, except Beijing Normal University, have merged or closed down with ordinary universities. Only Beijing Normal University is still unique, insisting on the direction of normal education and actively exploring the development path of higher normal education. Although the debate failed, it greatly affected the construction of the school.

In the history of higher normal education in China, another dispute about normal universities occurred before the Cultural Revolution in 1966. At that time, there were two slogans in higher normal education: one was that normal education should be "oriented to middle schools" and the other was "on par with comprehensive universities". Some people even proposed to cancel the normal college. 196 1 year, at the national conference on normal education, everyone discussed the relevant issues of running higher normal education well, and agreed that higher normal education is not a question of whether it can be run or not, but a question of how to run it well. In fact, this debate is not over. This issue was raised again in 1980s. In this debate, the essence is the understanding of the nature of normal education. Many experts put forward that normal education should emphasize the consistency between normal and academic. In the debate, Beijing Normal University has always stood at the forefront of the debate and put forward many opinions from the aspects of theory and the value of teacher education. At the same time, the school has been exploring in the practice of teacher education, focusing on broadening majors, strengthening scientific research, and constantly improving the school's running level, which has laid a solid foundation for the future development of the school.

History is the best mirror. 100 years, although people never stopped arguing about normal education, and some people sometimes advocated canceling the establishment of normal universities, the relatively independent normal universities in China were not cancelled. On the contrary, China's higher normal education is developing vigorously. From the establishment of Teachers College of Shi Jing University, to the excellent Teachers College of Shi Jing University, to Beijing Normal University, and then to Beijing Normal University, the century-old university has been handed down from generation to generation. Today, Beijing Normal University is not only the leader of higher normal education in China, but also a well-known institution of higher learning at home and abroad. This shows that the development of normal universities in the past century conforms to the basic national conditions of education in China, a poor country. China is a big country in education. Over the past century, normal education at all levels has not only supported the largest basic education building in the world, but also played a great role in the social and educational development of China. Today, standing at a new starting point in the new century and looking back at history, we cannot overestimate the role of normal education.

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