1. Significance of Renaissance: Many artists, scientists and thinkers discovered and inherited the ancient Greek culture and Roman cultural tradition, and pursued the liberation of individuality and freedom of thought, which showed the essence of human beings' continuous pursuit of progress, which meant that it became a trend and fashion. This ideological and cultural movement is called the Renaissance.

2. Dante: a pioneer of the Renaissance, whose masterpiece is the long poem Divine Comedy.

3. The Divine Comedy is considered as a symbol of Europe's transition from the Middle Ages to the modern society.

4. Leonardo da Vinci: Italy's most famous painter, mathematician, mechanic and engineer. In addition to art, he also dabbled in mathematics, physics, biology, anatomy, geography, engineering and military, and was a versatile cultural giant.

Mona Lisa's "mysterious smile" gives people infinite rich associations and encourages people to boldly pursue secular life that is not destroyed by religion.

6. Shakespeare: the most famous writer in Renaissance England, whose works represent the highest achievement of literature. There are historical plays, tragedies and legendary plays written by Shakespeare, among which Othello, King Lear, Hamlet and Macbeth are called the four great tragedies. These tragedies are touching in plot, vivid in language and clear in love and hate.

7. With the development of commodity economy, gold is called the most expensive commodity and the main means of exchange. Even oriental goods from China, India and Arabia are very popular in western Europe. Because oriental goods are expensive in Europe, shipping is very profitable. /kloc-The Ottoman Turkish Empire, which rose in the 0/5th century, blocked the passage of land trade between East and West and made the European market soar.

8. Reasons for opening up new sea routes: The progress of shipbuilding and navigation technology in Europe during this period, and the spread of China and Arabia's compass, navigation knowledge and geographical knowledge in Europe played an important role in Europeans' overseas exploration.

9. Columbus: Italian sailor. He gained a lot of professional knowledge such as mathematics, geography, astronomy, navigation and map drawing through self-study, and firmly believed that the earth was round.

10. Columbus discovered the "West Indies" instead of the so-called "India".

1 1. The impact of the opening of the new air route: 1 tempered the spirit of Europeans to take risks and struggle bravely, broadened their horizons, connected all regions of the world, expanded the space and scope of human activities, and broke the previous situation that all regions of the world developed in isolation.

12. 1640, the bourgeois revolution against the feudal rule of Stuart dynasty broke out in Britain. (Execution of Charles I)

13. 1688, the upper class of British society staged a coup, the son-in-law and daughter of King James II of England came to power in Britain, and James II was forced to leave France. There was no bloodshed in this regime change. Therefore, it is called "glorious revolution".

14. the bill of rights is that the monarch retains unity but does not control it. The political system in which Congress has the highest power in the country is called constitutional monarchy.

15. Marx thought that the British revolution was a "European revolution".

16. 1776 On July 4th, at the Second Continental Congress held in North America, after careful discussion, the delegates adopted the Declaration of Independence with Thomas jeffries, announcing the independence of North America 13 colony from Britain.

17. The Declaration of Independence declared that we hold the following truths to be self-evident: all men are created equal, and the creator endowed them with certain inalienable rights, including life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. In order to protect these rights, people established a government with the consent of the ruled. Once any government destroys these goals and principles, the people have the right to change it or abolish it and establish a new government.

18. the second continental congress also decided to organize the continental army and appointed George Washington as the commander-in-chief of the continental army.

19. Washington led the American people to achieve national independence and create democratic politics.

The French Revolution began with the capture of the Bastille.