liu guanghui

At present, there are many negative comments on Lv Buwei, a historical figure, and few positive comments. Most people think that he is just a speculator, who wins a new life politically by speculation, thus achieving a career. What's more, he thinks he is just a person who uses women to seek political status.

In fact, judging from his personality, his affairs, his research and his works, Lv Buwei is still a valuable figure. At least it is much greater than the achievements of the later Tang and Fang. I quite agree with Mr. Guo Moruo's point of view: "Lv Buwei should be a great politician in the history of China (see Guo Moruo's" Ten Critical Books ""Criticism of Heqin "). It seems that although Lao Guo also wrote a criticism of Lv Buwei, he generally agreed with Lv Buwei. After all, not everyone can wear the title of politician. In Zhejiang People's Publishing House, China Wisdom Grand View, edited by Gu Xiaoming, lists 99 kinds of wisdom of Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei is regarded as a politician with rich wisdom.

Lv Buwei is not taken seriously by people today, and there are not many words of praise for him, which is probably related to the time when he grew up and some specific social relations and conflicts at that time. Lv Buwei's heyday was before Qin unified the six countries, or was it a vassal who fought for hegemony for years; In terms of ideology, a hundred schools of thought contend. Various representatives argue with each other, and those who argue with each other unite with Lian Heng. If you disagree with me, I disagree with you. As for the scenes of vicious attacks on each other for the benefit of individuals and groups, it is not uncommon. In such a big atmosphere, it is normal for a person's political achievements or social status to change. Because of the conflict of interest, it is too easy to slander a person. It is in this era that Lv Buwei first went into business and then made a name for himself in government affairs. Finally, I am not willing to be lonely. I attract thousands of guests, write articles about the world, and combine hundreds of thoughts into "Lu Chunqiu", which inevitably offends some people. Of course, when they are in power, others dare to be angry and dare not speak. Once they lose power, it's hard to say. When Shang Yang and Wu Qi were in power, they also made great reforms. Once they lose power, they have almost no place to die. In this case, many people seek their own interests by slandering Lv Buwei. As a result, there are fewer people who objectively evaluate Lv Buwei. This is just one of them.

In addition, in desperation, Lv Buwei finally took the form of suicide to end his life (which seems to be similar in all historical records), which aroused more suspicion, so more people would attack. Coupled with the attacks of some political enemies, the opposition of interests and the influence that Qin was in power and needed to be eliminated urgently, it is also possible to establish his own prestige and order, or some counsellors, have it both ways, to spread rumors and destroy his image and cover up his political achievements. Didn't the king of Qin also make an imperial edict: "What did you do for Qin? Qin Yu eats 100,000 households. Who are your relatives with Qin? Known as Guanzhong. He moved with his family! " With this imperial edict, good people can reverse black and white.

Another reason is that Lv Buwei was born a businessman. At that time, businessmen had no status. "Emphasizing agriculture and restraining business", some scholars despise Lv Buwei's background, and may despise and contradict him. In this way, as Lao Guo said: "After more than two thousand years, it is difficult for Lv Buwei to have a suitable public opinion (Guo Moruo's Ten Critical Books Criticism Qin)."

Judging from the historical records, there are not many records of Lv Buwei's deeds, only Historical Records, Warring States Policy and History as a Mirror. The description of Lv Buwei is short and scattered in various historical events. Later, Feng Menglong of the Ming Dynasty wrote a book "History of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty", which also described Lv Buwei. But the book seems to pay more attention to the compilation of stories, which is too sensational and a bit confusing. Until today, there are some novels about Lv Buwei, but most of them are stories shaped and processed by rumors. Although attractive, it is not enough to become a foundation. However, there are many praises for Lv Buwei in the current TV series Lv Buwei, a Hero in Gone with the Times.

There are always different opinions on how to evaluate Lv Buwei. Recently, when the reporter of Legal Daily interviewed Sun Dazhou, a professor in the history department of Renmin University, Sun Dazhou expressed his views. He said, "He has made great contributions to his work, and his books cannot be learned." Consider it a pertinent statement.

Lv Buwei has at least a few things to be sure of: First, Lv Buwei knows how to study the market and do business. In the present words, he is at least a well-known big entrepreneur. Lv Buwei, whose ancestral home is Puyang, was burdened with a heavy family burden and struggled to become a master of Yang Zhai, which shows that he was a newly rich class at that time. He traveled between Handan, the capital of Zhao State, and Xianyang, the capital of Qin State, and his economic activities spanned Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces. Under the condition of inconvenient transportation at that time, there was no certain commercial and economic ability, which could not be supported, but Lv Buwei did it. Of course, I don't know what business Lv Buwei does, but it may be agriculture, pearls and jade, or both. However, in view of its economic activities, Lv Buwei can indeed be called an international trader.

Second, Lv Buwei is very strategic, that is to say, far-sighted. He saw that doing business prevented him from achieving high political status and was discriminated against instead. So, I have been thinking about how to get rid of this situation until I met Qin Wang and Sun, and he immediately had the idea of "strange goods to live in". Then he seized the making of this chess piece, started with making, and abandoned business and went into politics. This is easier said than done, but Lv Buwei succeeded. It is no exaggeration to say that he is a strategist.

Third, Lv Buwei is a politician. If nothing else, King Zhuang Xiang was in charge of state affairs for three years and Qin was in charge for nine years, and everything in the court was in his charge. If Lv Buwei is only an economic speculator, he is ignorant and uneducated, how can the State of Qin be prosperous and powerful, and make great achievements in diplomatic, military and economic development, paving the way for the reunification of the Qin Dynasty? Therefore, Lv Buwei made a special contribution to the development of Qin State and played an important role in the unification of Qin State.

Fourthly, Lv Buwei was a great man, or a saint. Lv Buwei knows a fact. If he wants to spread his thoughts, he must take an idea or a book as a carrier to keep himself from dying. As a result, he attracted customers, wrote books and made statements, and finally he compiled them into a book, so there was Lv Chunqiu, which has been circulated to this day. Of course, Lv Buwei didn't write this book alone, but after his overall planning and screening, it certainly conforms to his thoughts. Therefore, we might as well regard Lv Chunqiu as a reflection of Lv Buwei's thought. This book covers everything, not the pursuit of fame and fortune. Although the king of Qin did not agree, he did not follow the above instructions, and blindly advocated legalism. But what is certain is that Qin must have read books. According to Qin's practical thinking, as long as it can help him unify the six countries, he will still refer to it wisely. However, in order to eliminate Lv Buwei's influence and establish prestige, he may also deny Lv Chunqiu. However, there is no doubt that Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is a good book handed down from generation to generation. Even now, some of its viewpoints are still of reference value to us. Wang Li, a well-known scholar, said in the preface to the annotation of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, a Jilin literature and history edition, in June 1984: "The book of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals can be said to be a masterpiece of Confucianism and Mohism."

Fifth, Lv Buwei's ability to solve key problems. In order to make strangers become princes and realize their political ambitions, he ran between Zhao and Qin, and lobbied among high-level people in Qin with ease. In the end, he not only realized his promise to strangers, but also realized his political ambition, which is really commendable.

The most difficult place to evaluate Lv Buwei is that Lv Buwei's death was covered up by some false deeds, and there are not many places where Lv Buwei's detailed life can be verified. Usually based on historical records and warring States policies. It is recorded in the Ancient Essays that only Tai Shiqian is familiar with the national policy (that is, the Warring States policy) can he have historical records. From this perspective, The Warring States Policy should be regarded as the first-hand information to study Lv Buwei. As for the discrepancy between Historical Records and Warring States Policy, it is probably that Sima Qian thought it necessary to supplement it after textual research, or that later generations have different opinions. As for the view that Zi Tong Zhi Jian is also a synthesis of two books, Sima Guang seems to think that the records of the two books are different.

Lv Buwei's date of birth is unknown. He died in 235 BC. Follow in his father's footsteps to do business. When you meet a stranger Zhao in Handan, he should be upright and full of ambition. He has made small achievements in business and has a certain reputation in the local area, at least locally. Otherwise, makes, though just a fallen prince and grandson, will always put on airs. If Lv Buwei was just a civilian and had no influence in the local area, he wouldn't have seen Lv Buwei and believed what he said. After all, there was still a sense of hierarchy in those days, especially when he was a prince. There was no need to pay attention to some unknown people.

Lv Buwei thought that "exotic goods can live in" when he saw makes. It can be seen that Lv Buwei not only knows your history, but also knows something about the whole state of Qin, which can be seen from what he said when he lobbied the elite of Qin. At the same time, it can also be seen that young Lv Buwei has considerable ambitions, otherwise, he would not think that he could find exotic goods to live in. Only before that, Lv Buwei didn't want to be a despised businessman. He has been looking for opportunities to change this situation. He has learned about the world situation, so he may feel different. For Lv Buwei, seeing strangers makes him feel strange goods, which are mostly recorded in various historical books, and there is no difference.

In fact, Lv Buwei does have the mind of a politician. When he saw a stranger, he had a score in his heart. He thought that strangers were the starting point for him to abandon business and go into politics. When he found that using strangers could not only change his family, but also win political status, he started his own plan.

Lv Buwei's thoughts at this time proved that he was very clear about the situation of Qin at that time. Therefore, whether you meet strangers or go to Qin to lobby the red man in front of the prince, you are in an active position. First, foreigners were taken hostage in Zhao, and Qin often attacked Zhao, which made it difficult for foreigners to live in Zhao. He gave generously to solve the urgent needs of foreigners and gained their trust. He also took advantage of foreigners' desire to return to China to enjoy the treatment of their grandchildren, but he felt a little inferior. But he went to see a stranger and said, "I can open the door of my eldest son!" " Although a stranger wants to make his family bigger, he certainly won't believe what a businessman with low social status said when he first met him, and he also showed contempt for a businessman like Lv Buwei, so he sarcastically said, "And be arrogant! "That is to say, you have to develop yourself first. Lv Buwei looked very calm and persistent and said, "I don't know, but my door is very big for my son. "I want to be your development. A word touched the stranger. The so-called know people know their faces but don't know their hearts, but they sit down and talk deeply. Start listening to Lv Buwei's thoughts. Lv Buwei's eloquence began to show.

No, Wei said, "The king of Qin is old. The prince loves Mrs. Huayang, and the wife has no children. There are more than 20 sons and brothers, and the sons have the inheritance of inheriting the country, supplemented by scholars. Son in, not very lucky, for a long time as a vassal. When the prince is enthroned, the son can't compete for the heir. " The stranger was moved by this and asked, "But what can we do?" Lv Buwei said: "The only person who can make an heir is Mrs. Huayang. Although Wei is poor, please take your daughter as your son and your son as your heir. " The stranger was overjoyed when he heard the news, and quickly agreed: "It will be like the monarch's policy. Please share with you. " This is what Lv Buwei said. Businessmen can't always do business at a loss. Lv Buwei took out five hundred gold and became a guest (Volume 5 of Zi Zhi Tong Jian).

At this point in the story, we should have some views on Lv Buwei. Lv Buwei was born a businessman, but he is by no means an ordinary businessman. Because in ancient times, he always emphasized that agriculture surpassed commerce, and his social status was not high. Lv Buwei has been thinking about how to change himself. After seeing this stranger, Lv Buwei suddenly realized that he had found a treasure that would let him taste what he wanted. It can be said that Lv Buwei has been planning for a long time, trying to seize this line for production. Otherwise, he could not have analyzed the situation of Qin so clearly and thoroughly that people thought it was true. Obviously, Lv Buwei came to this conclusion after careful preparation, research and analysis, which he knew well in his heart. At that time, he will do his best to achieve his revenge. Sure enough, the appearance of makes Lv Buwei seize the opportunity. I'm afraid the dialogue between Lv Buwei and makes is still one aspect of his ambition, which is not enough to reflect all his ambitions.

What Lv Buwei said is not complicated, and it is easy to understand. He hit the nail on the head about what people think and dare not think. He said, "Now the king of Qin is old. Now Prince Ann dotes on Mrs. Huayang, but Mrs. Huayang has no son. You have more than 20 brothers. Once Guo Jun became the King of Qin, his son might inherit the later State of Qin. You are not the eldest son, you are not valued, and you are superior to Zhao. After a Guo Jun ascended the throne, you can't be the heir to the throne. " Of course, strangers also know this situation and quickly ask "what should I do?" Seeing that the stranger had taken the bait, Lv Buwei said, "If you want to be an heir, you must rely on Mrs. Huayang. Although I am poor, I am willing to take out a thousand pounds of gold to lobby the State of Qin and make you the heir to the throne. " Hearing this, the stranger said happily, "If I can do it, after I become the king of Qin, we can enjoy the splendor together."

If we think that Lv Buwei and Lv Buwei only embarked on the political road on a whim, just for the pursuit of high officials and rich salaries, and won countless wealth, then it is too small to look down on Lv Buwei. Judging from the financial resources of Lv Buwei, who has met the envoys, it will be enough for a lifetime. There is no need to abolish Zhang Zhou and let the envoys return to China to accede to the throne. Besides, Lv Buwei has his own business, but Lv Buwei is not interested in money at all.

I made friends with strangers, and the rest depends on whether I can turn strangers into princes. This is not an easy thing, because I know that the prince now has more than 20 sons, and the stranger is not the eldest son, and he has not stayed in Qin for a long time. It is hard to say that makes can be regarded as a neutral heir by the prince (a Guo Jun).

How to make Qin's decision-makers listen to themselves? Lv Buwei's social skills began to be fully demonstrated, and he grasped the subtle conflict of interests among the people of Qin. Grasp the word "wealth", because no one wants to enjoy the wealth of senior officials forever, and all children and grandchildren enjoy treatment. It is the subtlety of this wealth that led the upper class of Qin.

Let's look at the wonderful dialogue. Historical Records and Warring States Policy have different descriptions of this process. According to Mr. Guo Moruo, they may record one of them, but both can show Lv Buwei's observation ability and social skills.

(Lv Buwei) paid 500 gold to buy exotic things to play with, went west to visit Qin, and asked for Mrs. Huayang's sister, all of which were given to Mrs. Huayang. Because of Chu's wise words, the princes and guests won the world. As the saying goes, "Chu also regards his wife as the sky and cries for the prince and his wife day and night." Madame was overjoyed. No, Wei asked his sister to say to his wife, "I heard that people who care about colored people like to relax." Today, my wife is a prince and she loves her son very much. She doesn't think fleas are suitable for filial piety among philosophers at this time. Her husband respects her. After the husband is 100 years old, the son is king, and she will never lose power. This so-called interest is also eternal. Don't build yourself on prosperity, but love after decline. Although you want to say something, can you get it? Now, the son Chu Xian knows that he is a man, but he is not suitable for the second time, and his mother is unlucky. He has been attached to his wife, who really thinks it is appropriate to leave at this time, and her wife is actually spoiled by Qin. "Mrs Huayang thinks so, bearing the prince's leisure, calmly saying that Chu is superior to Zhao Zhe, and all the people who come and go praise him. Because of tears, he said, "I am lucky to fill the harem, but unfortunately I have no children." I hope I can have a son, Li Chu, as a suitable heir to support my body. "Ann Guo Jun agreed, but he and his wife carved a jade symbol together and thought it was appropriate. Ann Guo Jun and his wife invited Lv Buwei to help them, because they were very kind to Chu, and Zi Chu had a better reputation than the princes. (Biography of Historical Records and Lv Buwei)

Lv Buwei came to the state of Qin and met Mrs Huayang's sister, who was favored by the prince at that time. In the name of making people, I gave her the treasures I bought and praised the virtue of making people. She also said that people miss the prince and his wife, and that people regard her as a heaven, and her wife is really happy. Lv Buwei began to hit the nail on the head. This lady is very popular now because she is young and beautiful, and she has no son. If you don't choose a virtuous man as your son now, she will be left out in the cold when she gets old. Now, I am very virtuous and filial, knowing that I can't be an heir in the future. If my wife can help me now, then I can turn Gan Kun around and become emperor, and naturally I won't forget my wife's kindness. A wife can also have a son of her own, and live a prosperous life. Madame really thought what she said was. So I gave an Guojun a pillow breeze. The situation is favorable to strangers.

It is said that Yang Quanjun, the late brother of the King of Qin, said, "You won't know your sin until you die? There is no monarch or prince in the world. Pearl and Baoyu are hidden in your house, your horses are full of stables, and your beauty is full of backyard. You are in danger of laying eggs, but you were not born in the morning. It is said that everything can make you rich and prosperous, and it is better than Taishan thinking, and there will be no change in danger. " Yangquan Jun is not here, please smell it. No, Wei said, "Wang Lao, Zi Zheng, the official position. At the queen's door, mugwort will be born. The child was talented and abandoned to Zhao. They have no mother at home and lead the west, hoping to get it back. The queen stood up at the invitation of others. There is a country without a country, and the queen has children without children. " Yang Quanjun said, "Of course." Talking about the Queen, the Queen invited Zhao Gui. (Qin Ce of the Warring States Policy)

The two are similar, and they benefit a lot from opening their mouths. Your sin is enough to kill you. Do you know that all your men are in high positions? There is no rich man under your son's door. You have countless pearls and jewels at home. Where there is no horse, there are countless beautiful women. One day, the king of Qin is old, and once he dies, you will be as dangerous as a tired egg. Now there is only one way to make you rich forever. Hearing this, Yangquan Jun was also taken in. Lv Buwei, strike while the iron is hot. Once the son Xi ascended the throne and Shi Cang assisted her, the queen would not be favored, but would decline. I am a virtuous person, superior to Zhao, and have no mother. I really want to come back. As long as the queen recognizes him as her son and makes him an heir, she can keep her wealth and prosperity.

Here, Lv Buwei's debating art can be displayed incisively and vividly, which seems to be no less than that of Zhang Yi, Su Qin and Su Dai.

His lobbying is very effective, and he has completed the task in the primary stage of Qin. The rest is how to get the aliens to return to Qin. For this process, the records in Historical Records and Warring States Policy are different. The records in Zi Tong Zhi Jian are similar to those in Historical Records.

According to Records of the Historian, living with Wu Wang for ten years made Wei Han panic and Zhao wanted to kill him. Zi Chu and Lv Buwei conspired to give 600 Jin of gold to the guards. The officials removed the gold and died in Qin Jun, so he got it back. Zhao wanted to kill his wife, Chu, and his wife, Zhao's daughter, also went into hiding, so the mother and son actually lived. In the fifty-sixth year of Qin Zhao, Guo Jun was king, Mrs Huayang was queen and Zi Chu was prince. Zhao Yifeng returned to Qin with his wife and son.

What is described here is that Lv Buwei bribed a foreigner to return to Qin, and then returned to Qin to become a prince.

In the Warring States Policy, it was said that Zhao Wei sent him, not Wei, but Zhao. "The son is different, and the son of Qin is also a favorite. China has no mother, and the queen wants to take it. This is a vain attempt to make Qin want to slaughter Zhao, regardless of his son. If you let a stranger's son come back and stand, Zhao Hou will send him away, but he dare not. Qin Wang is an old man who drives a car all day. Although there are different sons, it is not enough to marry Qin. " From Zhao Nai. What is said above is that his eloquence shows that he is good at keeping and letting foreigners go, so that Zhao is willing to let foreigners return to China.

These two records are completely different. It seems that Sima Qian did not record them together as recorded in the Warring States Policy. At that time, both possibilities could have happened, but from now on, the records in Historical Records should be more convincing. Because people are superior to Zhao, it is a weight for Zhao to control Qin when necessary. Although from some historical facts, Qin did not care much about Xu Chu in the case of Zhao, and did not threaten Qin's attack with Xu Chu's life, it still made Qin feel uneasy. In this case, it is easy for him to return to China. Especially if according to the Warring States policy, Zhao already knew that aliens were regarded as pets and had the hope of inheriting the country, he would blackmail Qin and would not easily send aliens back to China. Besides, I won't risk telling Zhao this news that makes him very unhappy. Besides, at that time, Qin was still attacking Zhao. Once Zhao became angry from embarrassment and killed a stranger, wouldn't it be a waste of effort?

Of course, when he returned to Qin to meet Mrs. Huayang and Ann, there was another detail, which showed that he was thoughtful and wily. Mrs. Huayang is from Chu State. When you see Mrs. Huayang, let him put on Chu's clothes to win the favor of Mrs. Huayang. Sure enough, Mrs Huayang was very happy and renamed him Zi Chu.

In Lv Buwei, I spent all my money to get different people back to Qin. There is also a gossip similar to that written by novelists, which is the most controversial topic. Is Qin a son? According to Records of Historical Records, Lv Buwei accepted all the women in Handan as excellent dancers, knowing that they were alive, and lived in a house in Handan. Never drink Wei. When he saw it, he talked about it and invited it as his birthday present. Lv Buwei was very angry and thought that he had broken his family to Zi Chu. He wanted to catch a strange fish, so he offered his concubine. Ji has been hiding from her body, and when she gets her period, she will have a baby. So he married Ji.

According to this statement, Guo Moruo raised doubts. First, the content is only historical records, but not the Warring States policy. Moreover, in historical records, it is contradictory to say that a stranger's wife. If this is the case, then the stranger's wife is a singer, and it is also said in Historical Records that the wife is different from Zhao Mingxian. And Lao Guo also put forward a unique point of view. This legend was fabricated by Lu's family, such as Lu Chan and others, imitating the story of Nu Wa in the early spring of the Western Han Dynasty, with the aim of finding historical origins for seizing the country. Lao Guo finally asserted that Qin Shihuang was the son of Lv Buwei, which was totally false (Guo Moruo's Ten Critical Books "Lv Buwei and Qin Wangzheng Criticism").

I have also talked with some historians about this issue, but I have no conclusion: it has three meanings: first, according to Lao Guo's meaning, this matter is purely fabricated by someone who is beneficial to his own interests.

The other is the contradiction recorded in historical records, that is, whether the alien wife is a singer or a noble woman. In fact, the two are not contradictory, but they still have something in common. If makes have a crush on Lv Buwei's concubine, that is, the singer, it will undoubtedly provide Lv Buwei with another opportunity, that is, once makes return to the throne, he and the children in the singer's belly may become emperors, which is in line with Lv Buwei's ambition. Lv Buwei is a calm person. He is good at dealing with all aspects of relationships and knows how to use them. He can think that different people secretly love Geji, and he also thinks that the children in Geji's belly can have the hope of inheriting the country. Of course, he will do everything possible to conceal the true identity of Geji, for example, to create a good family background for Geji, that is, "Zhao Haojia is also a daughter" as recorded in historical records. Besides, an alien is a prince at any rate. If he marries or concubines, he must have certain ostentation and extravagance, otherwise he will lose his reputation. How can his reputation be better than that of princes? In this case, the singer is also required to have a certain background. As for how to fabricate it, it is not clear.

What's more, both Historical Records and Warring States Policy recorded that Lv Buwei had an affair with the Queen Mother after Qin ascended the throne. If Lv Buwei had nothing to do with Empress Dowager Cixi before, Lv Buwei would cherish his political life and not have an affair with Empress Dowager Cixi. Only by relying on something (including believing that Qin is his own son) or having an affair with the Queen Mother will he risk having an affair with the Queen Mother. Otherwise, it is difficult to understand how a prime minister, a beautiful woman in the backyard, can have an affair with the queen mother if there is nothing to hide. Of course, this is just an episode for Lv Buwei, and it will not affect Lv Buwei's achievements in his life, so I won't go into details.

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