1. Establishment of a unified country-Establishment of a unified country of Qin-Qin-Establishment time: 22 BC 1 Founder: Ying Zheng, King of Qin, Establishment of Capital: Significance of the unification of Xianyang and Qin:1. It ended the separatist regime in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and created the first unified situation in the history of China. 2. Establish the first unified multi-ethnic centralized feudal country in the history of China.
The territory of the Qin Dynasty: east to the East China Sea, west to Longxi, north to the Great Wall and south to the South China Sea.
Politically: centralization established feudal monarchy.
Establish a feudal autocratic monarchy system in centralization.
The establishment of centralization of feudal monarchy (1) The ruler claimed to be the emperor and was supreme, commanding all military and political power in the country.
(2) The central government has set up "three publics" (prime minister-administration, Qiu-military, imperial doctor-inspector) (3) The local government implements the county system (36 counties).
Central and local officials are appointed and removed by the emperor.
Economically: unified currency and unified measurement.
Culture: unified writing (small seal script), and later promoted official script.
Ideological aspect: burning books to bury Confucianism (suggested by Reese).
Objective: To strengthen ideological control.
Ethnic relations: attack Xiongnu in the north and build the Great Wall (Meng Tian starts from Lintao in the west and Liaodong in the east) and build Lingqu in the south (the ditch connects the Yangtze River and the Pearl River).
Qin Shihuang's measures to consolidate reunification
The reasons for its demise: Qin tyranny: ① heavy corvee; (2) heavy taxes; ③ Criminal law is cruel; (4) Qin Ershi's rule is more cruel. The demise of Qin Dynasty: Pre-period: Chen Sheng and Uprising: Pre-period Chen Sheng and Uprising (cutting firewood to uncover the flag for soldiers) 1, Chen Sheng and Daze Township Uprising in 209 BC.
Significance of extinction: ① Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising was the first large-scale peasant uprising in China history; Their revolutionary initiative inspired millions of working people to rise up against cruel rule.
Later period: Liu Bang and Xiang Yu Uprising (three chapters about the law, besieged on all sides, Chu River and Han boundary ...) Later period: Liu Bang and Xiang Yu Uprising, and Xiang Yu destroyed Qin Jun's main force-cross the rubicon in the Battle of Julu.
1, in 207 BC and 2207 BC, Liu Bang captured Xianyang and the Qin Dynasty perished.
(The ruler of Qin Dynasty surrendered to Liu Bang) Key issues: evaluating Qin Shihuang (combining Qin Shihuang's actions, favorable side and cruel side, two aspects) Key issues: evaluating Qin Shihuang (combining Qin Shihuang's actions, favorable side and cruel side, two aspects); What important role did the Qin Dynasty play in the history of China? What important role did the Qin Dynasty play in the history of China? Third, the time of the establishment of the Han Dynasty: the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty in 202 BC. Founder: Emperor Gaozu Liu Bangdu: Chang 'an (now Xi City, Shaanxi Province) Political aspects: 1. In the early Han Dynasty, the rulers adopted the policy of recuperation, and the social order gradually stabilized and the economy recovered.
2. Emperor Han Jing put down the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" and strengthened his control over the kingdom.
3. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promulgated the "Order of Promotion" (Yan Laoye), which weakened the strength of the latter country and gradually reduced the size of the country.
Ideologically: 1. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, "governing by doing nothing" (Taoism) was practiced. 2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone" (Dong Zhongshu) set up imperial academy.
Confucian measurement theory became the orthodox thought of feudal society.
Ethnic relations: 1. In the early Han dynasty, the system of "closeness" was adopted.
(forced by the Western Han Dynasty) 2. In 1 19 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to Mobei, which relieved the Xiongnu's threat to the north.
Seized the Hetao and Hexi corridor areas.
3. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice.
In the Han Dynasty, people called Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu as the Han Dynasty, and in the Han Dynasty, people called Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu as the Western Regions, that is, Xinjiang and beyond.
The west, that is, today's Xinjiang region and beyond, is called the Western Regions.
Two missions to the western regions: BC138; The process of 1 19 BC: United Da Yue to attack the Huns; Strengthen ties with countries in the western region. During the Han and Yuan Dynasties, Zhaojun left the fortress and married Uhaanyehe far away.
Meaning: It has made great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchanges between China and Hungary.
5. In 60 BC, the Western Regions were established.
Significance: Today, Xinjiang has been under the jurisdiction of the central government and has become an inseparable part of China. 6. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Southern Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty; General Dou Gu and Dou Xian attacked the Northern Xiongnu.
Enlightenment of ethnic relations: comprehensive national strength determines ethnic relations.
Enlightenment of ethnic relations: comprehensive national strength determines ethnic relations.
Foreign exchange: 1, the opening of the Silk Road in the Western Han Dynasty.
Chang 'an → Hexi Corridor → Dunhuang → Xinjiang now → Europe (Daqin) Significance: Promoting economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
2. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, in 97 AD, Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Daqin and arrived in the Persian Gulf.
3. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, in A.D. 166, the Andun Dynasty of Daqin sent envoys to China by sea, which was the earliest record of direct contact between European countries and China.
Unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty
Reason: Reason: Subjective: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was brilliant and objectively good at employing people: "The rule of culture and scenery" made the economy of the Western Han Dynasty prosperous.
Politics: (Zhu) weaken the strength of the post-China, gradually reduce the size of the country and strengthen centralization.
Politics: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promulgated the proposition of "pushing for favor": (Dong Zhongshu), set up imperial academy.
Confucianism became a positive thought in feudal society: the unified thought of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
Measure economy: economy: centralize the local right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron, and uniformly cast five baht.
Military: the military significance of fighting against Xiongnu: centralization was strengthened, the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday, and Confucianism moved towards orthodoxy.
Significance: Economic Development in Han Dynasty: Agriculture, Handicraft and Commerce) (Agriculture (Guidance and Practice of Economic Development in Han Dynasty: Agriculture, Handicraft and Commerce) Guidance and Practice P59: Knowledge Arrangement) ((Knowledge Arrangement)) (A coach: Water platoon made by Du Shifa in Eastern Han Dynasty: rollover in Cao Wei period: a coach: sowing tools.
(hemp paper) papermaking II. Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
3. Significance: It plays an inestimable role in the spread and development of human culture.
Nine chapters of science and technology arithmetic: written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it summarized the mathematical achievements since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and was the most advanced applied mathematics in the world at that time.
Seismograph: invented by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the earliest instrument in the world to determine earthquake orientation.
Medicine: 1, Eastern Han Dynasty: Medical Sage-Treatise on Febrile Diseases by Zhang Zhongjing, which comprehensively expounded the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine.
2. Eastern Han Dynasty: "Imperial Doctor"-Hua Tuo (the world's earliest doctor who operated under general anesthesia, the originator of surgery) Ma Feisan and "Five Animals Play" Buddhism 1. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains in the late Western Han Dynasty.
Religion II. Baima Temple in Luoyang is the earliest temple in China.
Taoism 1 rose in the Eastern Han Dynasty and is a local religion in China. Its founder, Zhang Ling, took Laozi as its leader.
Thought: Wang Chong's Lun Heng opposes the theory of ghosts and gods.
Author: Sima Qian's Historical Book of Western Han Culture Content: It describes the history from Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty.
Seeking truth from facts (seeking truth from facts to evaluate historical figures) genre: the first biography general history.
The artistic sculpture "Li Sao has no rhyme, the historian sings a farewell song", the terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, the largest art treasure house unearthed so far in the world, and the silk painting of the Han tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha.
Separation of political power and ethnic integration (Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties) Unit 4 Separation of political power and ethnic integration (Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties)
First, the formation process of the three kingdoms 1. In 200 AD, in the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao with fewer victories and laid the foundation for unifying the North.
2. In Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, the combined forces of Sun and Liu defeated Cao Cao with fewer victories, which laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.
3. Formation of the Three Kingdoms: Formation of the Three Kingdoms: Formation of the Three Kingdoms: Wei: In 220, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor and made Luoyang his capital.
Economic development: building water conservancy and attaching importance to farming.
Shu (Han): 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and made Chengdu his capital.
Economic development: Jin Shu is prosperous. Wu: In 222, Sun Quan was the king and Jianye (now Nanjing) was the capital. Economic development: The shipbuilding industry is developed, and it once reached Yizhou Yizhou (now Yizhou Taiwan Province Province).
Second,
Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Development of Jiangnan Region
Battle of Feishui: 1. Time: Eastern Jin Dynasty (383). 2. The warring parties: the former Qin (Di) and the Eastern Jin. 3. Features: Less wins more. 4. Impact: 1. The former Qin dynasty collapsed, and the northern region once again fell into a state of separatist melee.
② The Eastern Jin Dynasty achieved temporary stability in the south, which provided favorable conditions for economic development.
The development of the south of the Yangtze River (reasons, manifestations and influences) Reasons for the development of the south of the Yangtze River: 1 Geographical factors: The south of the Yangtze River is abundant in rainfall, hot in climate and fertile in land, which has favorable conditions for developing agriculture.
2. Labor and technical reasons: People who moved south brought labor, advanced production technology and different lifestyles to Jiangnan.
3. Social environment: There are relatively few wars in Jiangnan, and the social order is relatively stable.
Impact: Impact: It has had a far-reaching impact on China's economy, laying the foundation for the economic center of gravity to gradually move south.
The process of northern population moving south: the process of northern population moving south: the late Eastern Han Dynasty; The population in the north began to migrate to the south of the Yangtze River; By the late Western Jin Dynasty, it was the first large-scale southward migration of China in ancient history.
Third, ethnic exchanges.
The time when the five lakes moved inward: the nationalities that moved inward in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty: Xiongnu, Xianbei, Anta, Di, Qiang Goal: Get rid of backward customs, absorb advanced culture of the Han nationality, and consolidate the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty Time: 439 years Content: 1 Move the capital: from Pingcheng to Luoyang 2. Sinicization policy: ① Language: Chinese must be used in court.
(2) Clothing: Officials and their families must wear Hanfu; (3) Surname: change the surname of Xianbei nationality to Han nationality, and change the surname of royal family from Tuoba to Yuan.
④ Marriage: Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles.
⑤ System: The official system and laws of the Han nationality are adopted.
6 Etiquette: Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly.
Significance: The reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty was beneficial to the recovery and development of the northern economy, promoted the feudalization process of the northern nationalities and accelerated the great integration of the northern nationalities.
The Reform of Emperor Xiaowen (Tuoba Hong) in Northern Wei Dynasty
Fourth, the science and technology culture of the Southern Dynasties, and the science and technology of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Li Daoyuan, Jia Sixie, Zu Chongzhi
For the first time in the world, pi is accurate to 7 decimal places.
The Book of Qi Yao Min is the first complete agricultural book "Notes on the Water Mirror" in ancient China, and it is an important comprehensive geographical work.
culture
Calligraphy, painting and sculpture
Eastern Jin Dynasty, Eastern Jin Dynasty and Northern Dynasties
Preface to the Lanting Pavilion by Wang Xizhi, a female history by Gu Kaizhi, a Luoshen Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes.
Dynasty diagram: the founding time was 2070 BC, Xia, Shang, Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou.
65438 BC+0600 BC
Founder Yu
Capital Yangcheng
Jie Li, the last monarch
Extinction time
65438 BC+0600 BC
the Spring and Autumn Period
Warring States period
65438 BC+0046 BC Tang Yin Zhou 65438 BC+0046 BC Zhou Wuwang 7765438 BC+0 BC (Ji Fa) Pick 770 BC-The Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period (Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu, King Gou Jian of Yue) 476 BC He Lv and Gou Jian belong to Jiangnan figures in 475 BC-the Warring States Period.
Qin, Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties
Wei Shuwu
Western Jin Dynasty, Eastern Jin Dynasty, Sixteen Countries, Northern and Southern Song Dynasty → Qi → Liang → Chen (Southern Dynasty), Northern Wei Dynasty → Eastern Wei Dynasty → Northern Qi Dynasty (Northern Dynasty) → Western Wei Dynasty → Northern Zhou Dynasty.
22 1 BC 202 ad 25 ad 220 ad 22 1 ad 222 ad 266 ad 3 17 year
Ying Cao Xiu Liu Pi Sun Beiquan Sima Yan Si Marui
Xianyang Chang 'an Luoyang Han Xiandi Luoyang Chengdu Jianye (now Nanjing) Luoyang Jiankang (now Nanjing)
207 BC, 9 AD, 220 AD, 266 AD, 263 AD, 280 AD, 365438 AD+06 AD, 420 AD.