The time of Shang Dynasty BC 1600- BC 1046 is about from BC17th century to BC1/century. Shang Dynasty is the second hereditary dynasty in China history after Xia Dynasty. From Taiyi (Tang) to Iraq, there were 17 kings and 3 1 kings successively, which lasted nearly 600 years.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Shang Tang learned a profound lesson from the demise of the Xia Dynasty, abolished the tyranny that cruelly oppressed the people of Xia Jie, and adopted the policy of "letting the people govern the business", which eased the internal contradictions of the Shang Dynasty, stabilized the political situation, and became increasingly powerful. He conquered many countries around him and won a series of victories. Therefore, "Mencius Teng Wengong" recorded that Tang was "eleven talents, invincible in the world". "Poetry. Ode to Shang Dynasty. "Yanwu" also records that "once there was soup, I dared not enjoy it, and I dared not come to the king", which reflected that the Shang Dynasty had become a powerful country under the rule of the Tang Dynasty.
After Shang Tang and Jacky, they have made great contributions in handling government affairs, stabilizing the political situation and developing production. After Zhong Qiu's death, Yi Yin played a particularly prominent role in politics, becoming an important assistant and elder statesman of Shang Tang's A period.
After Shang Tang's death, his son Tai Ding died young, and Tai Ding's younger brother Vaike succeeded him. After the death of Waic, his younger brother Zhong Ren succeeded to the throne; After Ren Zhong's death, Tai Jia, the son of Yiting, succeeded to the throne, and Tai Jia was the eldest grandson of Shang Tang. According to "Historical Records of Yin Benji", "Emperor Tai Jia was founded for three years, unknown, tyrannical, disobedient to the soup method, and chaotic, so Yi Yin was placed in the same public." Tai Jia lived in Tonggong for three years, repented and blamed himself, and Yi Yin welcomed Tai Jia back to his office. Since then, Tai Jia Xiu De obeyed the law, the vassals surrendered, and people's lives were relatively calm. This story reflects Yi Yin's unremitting efforts to implement Shang Tang's strategy of governing the country and keep the Shang Dynasty in a long-term stability. This story has a long history, so Yi Yin gained the reputation of "benevolence and righteousness".
However, the greedy nature of the ruling class determines that the struggle for power and interests within the royal family is inevitable. It is recorded in Historical Records Yin Benji; "Since Zhongding, all the disciples have changed to others, which is more chaotic than IX, so the princes are not in the DPRK." From Pan Geng, it shows that during this period, the Shang royal family fought for the throne with internal strife and foreign invasion. During this period, the Shang Dynasty moved the capital several times.
According to documents, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times. According to the chronicles of bamboo books, from Bo to Xiao, He moved from Xiao, Zuyi moved from Pi, Nan moved from Pi to An, and Pan Geng moved from An to Bei Meng, which was called Yin. However, so far, archaeologists have only discovered four capital sites: Erlitou in Yanshi, Zhengzhou Mall, Yanshi Mall and Yinxu in Anyang. These four plots of land are all very large, all of which are more than three or four million square meters. Archaeologists have found important remains of large palaces, tombs and workshops in these four sites, such as Palace No.1 found in the middle of Erlitou site, with an area of 10000 square meters. Large-scale city walls were found in Yanshi and Zhengzhou. A large sacrificial site was also found in the Yin Ruins in Anyang. From these findings and literature records, we can know that the Shang Dynasty established a relatively complete state institution, including various officials, standing armies ("left, middle and right divisions"), laws and regulations, criminal regulations and so on. However, there are still different views on the relationship between these capitals and the names recorded in the literature. Only Yin Ruins in Anyang is the capital of Wang Shi after Pan Geng, and their views are quite consistent.
Historians have different views on the reasons why the capital was moved many times in the history of Shang Dynasty. However, as can be seen from Shangshu Pan Geng, moving the capital is related to internal political struggle. For example, although Pan Geng claimed to "move the capital to benefit the people", for those who did not listen to the orders, he issued "I will kill them, and I will not give them anything to plant in this new city" (I will kill them all, and I will not leave the seeds of evil in the new city), reflecting the fierce internal struggle. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, it eased the contradictions within the royal family and promoted the social and economic development. Pan Geng is known as the master of "Zhongxing", which laid the foundation for the arrival of Wu Ding's flourishing age.
Wu Ding is Xiao Yi's son, Pan Geng's younger brother and Pan Geng's nephew. When he was young, Xiao Yi invited him to live in the folk for a period of time to understand the hardships of people's lives. After he acceded to the throne, he made great efforts to govern, did not dare to abandon peace, made great efforts to govern, and determined to revitalize the great cause. Four expeditions have been made to conquer countries such as ghost face, earth face, Qiang face, human face and tiger face. The scale of the war is not small, and thousands of troops are often used. The largest one is 13000. In these battles, Zheng served many small countries, expanded his territory and captured a large number of prisoners. Wuding cultural remains are quite rich, including palaces, tombs and workshops. The bronze industry, which represented the development level of social productive forces at that time, made breakthrough progress, such as the appearance of ternary alloy of copper, lead and tin; Separation casting technology has been widely used; The output of bronzes has greatly increased, and there have also been Si Muwu Dafang Ding, and even Fang Yi, Sanlian and other heavy weapons. Wu Ding's achievements in the bronze industry marked that the bronze age in China entered a prosperous period. In addition, great achievements have been made in textiles, medicine, transportation and astronomy. The flourishing age initiated by Wu Ding laid a good foundation for the development of social production in the late Shang Dynasty and even the prosperity of Western Zhou civilization.
Sacrificing to heaven and ancestors has a long history in China, and such remains are frequently found in prehistoric archaeology. With the emergence of agriculture, people worship heaven to pray for a good year with good weather. This is a kind of nature worship. Ancestor worship is also called soul worship. From the memory of ancestors, dreams are understood as the souls of ancestors. People offer sacrifices to their ancestors in order to seek their blessings. The situation of "being at home in the world" since the Xia Dynasty has greatly changed the content of primitive religion. Because the emperor is the highest ruler in the world, in order to maintain his rule, he combined ancestor worship with nature worship and created supreme gods such as heaven or god. From the literature, we can know that there was a god "heaven" in Shang Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty stumbled upon it in 1899, and re-presented the ancient Chinese characters buried for more than 3,000 years to the world for reading. The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions made the existence of Shang Dynasty indisputable and the history of Shang Dynasty a history of trust. 150,000 pieces of Oracle bones unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang recorded many things that happened in Shang society. After several generations of collation and research, it reveals its rich contents and opens up an important way for studying the history of Shang Dynasty. There are "emperors" or "gods" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Therefore, when Shang Tang attacked, he said, "Xia's crimes are determined by destiny." "Xia is guilty, and his son is afraid of God and does not dare to be unjust." Under the banner of "destiny", he encouraged the army and allied forces to carry out God's will and fight bravely. But the God in the sky and the Emperor (Shang King) on the earth are opposites. In order to carry out God's will, Xia Di communicated with God through witches. When worshipping ancestors, the Shang king used five kinds of sacrifices to the ancestors after the good ones. Thousands of sacrificial pits were found in the sacrificial site of Yin Ruins in Anyang, and Wuding sacrificed hundreds of people at one time. This situation reflects the importance attached by Shang kings to ancestor worship, because God is both the supreme god and the ancestor god.
After Wu Ding's death, the peace and prosperity he initiated did not last long. After Zu Geng and Zujia, especially during the period of Di Yi and Di Xin, the domestic contradictions were very sharp, and the governors from all directions rebelled in succession. Faced with this situation, Di Xin, King of Shang Dynasty, did not think about reform, did not listen to advice, and blindly pursued a life of extravagance and extravagance, further intensifying domestic contradictions. At the same time, militaristic, mobilized troops to conquer Dongyi, increased the burden on the people, and made the domestic forces empty. Zhou Wuwang's army attacked Konoha, a commercial suburb, and Shang Zhouwang organized its forces and rushed to fight. As a result, the king's army had no fighting spirit, and the "former disciple defected" cleared the way for Wu Wang's army. Seeing that the tide was over, Di Xin fled to Lutai, took out Yu Pei and set himself on fire. Shang dynasty is over.
King of Shang dynasty
Shang Tang-Waibing-Renzhong-Taijia-Woding-Taigeng-Jony J-Yongji-Taiwu-Zhong Ding-Wairen-Hejiajia-Zuyi-Zu Xin-Wo Jia-Zu Ding-Nangeng-Yangjia-
The Development Period of Slavery-Shang Dynasty
1, the rise of Shang clan
According to legend, Shang is a descendant of the family and lives in the lower reaches of the Yellow River with a long history. During the Shun period, the Shang clan produced an outstanding military leader-Qi. Later, the merchants called him "Xuan Wang" as the ancestor, and compiled a ode to him (The Book of Songs, Ode to Shang Dynasty, Xuanniao). After Taikang lost his country, Qi's grandson began to develop to the East. The Book of Songs says: "Xiangtu is fierce, and there are interceptions overseas." By the middle of the Xia Dynasty, Sun Ming, the VI of Qi State, was "diligent and drowned" (on Mandarin and Lu), and merchants worshipped him in the suburbs. Ghost son Wang Hai "became a scalper" and developed to Hebei. By the fourteenth generation of Sun and Tang Dynasties, Shang had become a relatively powerful country in the East. "Mandarin Zhou Yuxia" said: "The merchant IV of the King of Qin flourished."
2. The establishment and development of Shang Dynasty.
Soup is Tian Yi, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is called Da Yi, and later generations used to call it Cheng Tang. Educated Shang clan leader, it is said that he was once imprisoned in a water dungeon. After he was elected as the leader, he saw that the Xia Dynasty was decaying day by day, and the tyranny of the Xia Dynasty had made people leave their relatives and friends, so he set out to establish a new dynasty. First of all, neighboring tribes are United by virtue and strength. Secondly, Fang (now the north of Ningling County, Henan Province), Wei (the east of hua county, Henan Province), Gu (the northeast of Juancheng, Shandong Province) and Kunwu (the south of Huaiyang, Henan Province) in the Xia Dynasty were wiped out, which was "invincible in the world in the Eleventh Sign". Finally, attack the capital of Xia Dynasty. The two sides fought in Mingtiao (Fengqiu East, Henan Province) and Shi Xia was defeated. After the extinction, Tang returned to Bo, where he met with governors and formally established the Shang Dynasty, with its capital in Bo.
3. Pan Geng moved to Yin.
From the Tang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty lasted for about 600 years, with Pan Geng moving to Yin as the boundary, which can be divided into two stages: the first stage: during the reign of Tang Dynasty, he was able to make great efforts to perform the duties of the "son of heaven". According to legend, in the seventh year of Shang Dynasty, during the drought, Tang prayed to God and said, "One person is guilty, and all people are guilty. Everyone is guilty, but only one is left. No one is insensitive, so that both gods and ghosts can harm people's lives (Lv Chunqiu docile subjects). At that time, the merchants were very powerful. The Book of Songs said: "Once upon a time, there was a soup, and I didn't dare to enjoy it. I didn't dare to come to the king, saying that the merchants kept coming" (Ode to the Merchants in the Book of Songs). After Tang died, his grandson Tai Jia ascended the throne. Although dissolute, Yi Yin, a wise minister, did not cause confusion. Later, there were many incidents of competing for the throne, and the kings moved repeatedly, making the political situation unstable. "It is more chaotic than IX, so the princes are in Mo" ("Historical Records Yin Benji"). The second stage: starting from Pan Geng. Pan Geng was the 20th king of the Shang Dynasty in the 10 generation. In view of the severe political situation at that time, it was decided to move the capital to Yin (northwest of Anyang, Henan). Yin "left Mengmen right, rivers in front, mountains and rivers behind" ("Warring States Policy Wei Ceyi") is called "in the world". Later, in 273, the capital stopped moving. Pan Geng's rule over the Tang Dynasty was that "the people revived the vagina with peace, and the princes came to the DPRK" (Historical Records Yin Benji). Pan Geng spread to Wuding, and the Shang Dynasty reached its peak. The territory reaches Liaoning in the north, Hubei in the south, Shaanxi in the west and the seaside in the east. In the late Shang Dynasty, political corruption, during the reign of Zhou Dynasty, embarked on the road of decline. In the early years of the Republic of China, the collected Oracle Bone Inscriptions was divided into five periods: Wuding era in Pan Geng, Zujia era in Zu Geng, Bingxin Kangding era, Wuyi Wen Ding era and the first emperor Di Xin era.