Xia was the first dynasty in China. There are two exact statements about the origin of the name Xia Dynasty:

The first is Sima Qian's Historical Records-Xia Benji, which records:

Taishigong said: Yu is Xiang's family, then enfeoffment, and the country is Shi's, so there are, Hu, Nan, Qi, Bao, Fei, Qi, Xin, Ming and Qi. "

Sima Qian believed that Dayu's descendants were divided into several princes of Fang state, among which he ranked first and had the strongest strength, so he took his name Xia as his country name.

Another way of saying it can be found in the imperial century:

"Yu, in the south of Yuzhou, is now Yangzhai, Henan."

Because Dayu was sealed in Yang Zhai with the title of Xia Bo, he took this title as the name of the dynasty.

Second, the Shang Dynasty (about 1600 BC-about 1046 BC)

Also in Sima Qian's Historical Records-Yin Benji, the origin of Shang Dynasty is recorded as follows:

"Qi long march and assist yu water conservancy. Emperor Shun was ordered to say, "People don't kiss, and five virtues don't practice. You should respect and apply the five religions to Si Tuleideng, and they are tolerant. "When a surname is given to a son, it is sealed to a merchant."

In other words, Qi, the ancestor of Shang clan, was praised for helping Dayu to control water, so he was divided into Shang clan, which was the beginning of Shang clan.

When Da Yu's son Qi established the Xia Dynasty, the merchants surrendered to the Xia Dynasty in the form of vassals. 400 years later, Cheng Tang replaced Xia Dynasty and established a new dynasty named after Shang Dynasty.

Three. Zhou dynasty (BC1046-the first 256 years, including the western and eastern Zhou dynasties)

About the birth of the title of Zhou, Sima Qian has a simple description in Historical Records-Zhou Benji:

"Hou Ji lives in Tai and Zhou."

King Tai here is my grandfather and Gu's father. Starting from Houji, Zhou people didn't have the concept of Zhou until Gugong Qi Fu. The word "Zhou" was originally written as: going to the field and going to the mouth, combining up and down, and then evolving into the word Zhou.

Haojing, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty (that is, Xi 'an area today), (BC 1046- BC 77 1).

The Eastern Zhou Dynasty was divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with Luoyang as its capital (770 BC-256 BC).

Fourth, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

The Eastern Zhou Dynasty began to move eastward in 770 BC, and ended in 433 BC when the three tribes were divided into Jin. Historian Lu records the major events reported by various countries at that time by year, quarter, month and day, which are recorded in spring, summer, autumn and winter in a year. In a word, he named this chronicle Spring and Autumn Annals. Therefore, this period of history will be called the Spring and Autumn Period.

The Warring States Period, following the Spring and Autumn Period, began when the three clans divided into Jin and ended when Qin ruled the country. Because Liu Xiang's "Warring States Policy" in the Han Dynasty is an important document to record this period of history (Liu Xiang records: "The country that rides thousands of horses is seven, and the country that rides thousands of horses is five, and it is called the Warring States when it competes with the enemy for power." Therefore, people call this period the Warring States Period (403 BC-22 BC1year).

Qin dynasty (22 BC1year-207 BC)

Qin Shi Huang

According to Sima Qian's Records of the Historian Qin Benji, the ancestor of the State of Qin was enfeoffed to the State of Qin by Zhou, taking the winner as his surname.

"The Qin envoy in the city regained the gift of taking home, and his name was Qin Ying."

6. Han Dynasty (Western Han Dynasty: 202 BC-8 AD, Eastern Han Dynasty: 23 AD-220 AD)

After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang was enfeoffed to Hanzhong by Xiang Yu, the overlord of the Western Chu Dynasty, and was named Hanwang. From then on, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu won the world and proclaimed themselves emperors. Take Han as the number of the dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty was founded because the dynasty established by Liu Bang was in Chang 'an (now Xi 'an) and located in the west. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Luoyang, the capital of Liu Xiu's dynasty, was located in the east.

Seven, the new dynasty (AD 8-23)

Wang Mang, the power minister of the short-lived dynasty in the Western Han Dynasty, abolished the obedient baby (Liu Ying) and became emperor himself, and changed the name of the country to Xin Dynasty, which was called Xin Mang and Xin Dynasty in history.

Eight, the Three Kingdoms (AD 220-AD 280)

This needs no explanation. After the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a tripartite confrontation in Wei Shuwu.

Nine. Jin dynasty (western Jin dynasty: 266-3 16, eastern Jin dynasty: 3 17-420)

Si Mazhao, the father of Sima Yan, the founding emperor of the Jin Dynasty, was named Duke of Jin by Wei Emperor Cao Huan. In the first year of Xianxi (264), the king of Jin was added, which was also the origin of the name of Jin State. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Luoyang was its capital; In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the capital was located in Jiankang (now Nanjing).

Ten or sixteen countries (AD 304-439)

From 304 to 439 AD, when the Eastern Jin Dynasty ruled the south of the Yangtze River, more than 20 countries were established in the north and southwest of China. Among them, Houzhao, Beiliang, Xiliang, Nanliang, Houyan, Southern Yan, Beiyan, Xia, Qianqin, Xiqin and Houqin are stronger, and they are collectively called Sixteen Countries.

XI。 Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589 AD)

The Southern Dynasty (420-589) was the four dynasties of Liu Song, Nanqi, Nanliang and Chen Nan after the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The Northern Dynasties (386-58 1) included the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi and the Northern Dynasties.

At that time, although the north and south sides of China had their own dynasties, they kept a confrontation for a long time, so they were called the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Twelve. Sui dynasty (ad 581-618 or 6 19)

Yang Zhong, the father of Emperor Wen of Sui, the founding emperor of Sui Dynasty, was once named "Qi Huangong" by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Emperor Wendi of Sui attacked this title, and the title was Sui after he ascended the throne, but he thought that Sui meant to go, and he changed to Sui for fear of disaster.

Thirteen. Tang Dynasty (AD 665438)

Li Hu, the grandfather of Tang Gaozu tang gaozu, was one of the eight pillars of the Western Wei Dynasty, and was the "Tang Gong" of posthumous title. Later, the title was passed on to Li Yuan. After Li Yuan established a dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor, he took "Tang" as his title.

Fourteen, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979 AD)

The Five Dynasties (907-960 AD) refers to the five regimes located in the Central Plains after the demise of the Tang Dynasty in 907 AD, namely, Hou Liang, the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty.

During the Ten Kingdoms period (902-979), there were many separatist regimes outside the Central Plains. Among them, Qian Shu, Houshu, Nanwu, Nantang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Nanhan, Nanping (Jingnan), Beihan and other more than ten separatist regimes were collectively referred to as the Ten Kingdoms by the New Five Dynasties History and later historians.

The title of "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" comes from the New History of Five Dynasties, which is a general term for the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.

Fifteen. Song Dynasty (960- 1279, including the Song Dynasty)

Because Zhao Kuangyin, the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty, made his fortune in Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan), it was officially named "Song".

During the Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127), Kaifeng was its capital.

Hangzhou was the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 127- 1279).

Sixteen. Liao (ad 916-1125)

Lu Ye Abaoji, a Khitan, founded Liao State. The original meaning of "Liao" and "Qidan" can be interpreted as "wrought iron", which is the name of a nation. "Liao" is a country name, named after Liao water. Some scholars believe that "Liaoguo" 1 got its name from the meaning of "Liaoyuan".

XVII. Xixia (A.D. 1038- 1227)

Xixia, whose real name is Daxia, is called Xia for short. Originated from place names, it also calls itself Bonnie Dingguo or Gao Bai Xia Guo and the Western Regions. At the same time, it is also called Hexi, because it is located in the northwest of China and is called Xixia in history.

Eighteen. Gold (ad1115-1234)

There are several explanations for the origin of the name of the Jin Dynasty: When Akuta proclaimed himself emperor, he said to his ministers, "Liao took forged iron as its name and iron as its strength. Although wrought iron is strong, it will eventually deteriorate, and only gold will remain unchanged. " So we take Daikin as our country name and hope it will never be bad. According to legend, Jurchen rose in Jinshui (according to tiger water or spring water), so the country name was Jin, so "Jinyuan" became synonymous with the Jin Dynasty. Some people think that the Jin dynasty didn't have a national title from the beginning. When it reached a maritime alliance with the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty called itself Huode. So some people suggested that Nuzhen take gold as the country name to suppress Nuzhen. Before Jurchen knew Chinese culture, it was used as a national title.

Nineteen. Yuan (AD1271-1368)

The title of the Yuan Dynasty is taken from the sentence "Make every effort to govern, exhaust the Yuan Dynasty" in the Book of Changes.

XX. Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368-1644)

There are different opinions about the origin of the title of the Ming Dynasty, which is generally considered to be related to religion. Wu Han and others thought that the name of the Ming Dynasty originated from Zoroastrianism, which was later adopted by writers such as Jin Yong, while Hu Axiang and others thought that the name of the Ming Dynasty originated from An Baili and originated from Buddhism. There are some Ming followers under Zhu Yuanzhang, who take "Ming" as their title to show their orthodox status, and at the same time use the "Wang Ming was born" in Zoroastrianism to predict.

Others think that Zhu Yuanzhang inherited the title of "King of Size" from Han He.

Twenty one. Qing dynasty (a.d.1644-1911year)

As we all know, the ruler of the Qing Dynasty was Manchu.

The ancestors of Manchu were originally Jurchen tribes in the Jin Dynasty, so Nuerhachi unified the ministries of Jurchen and named the country "Daikin". Soon, in order to distinguish it from the Jin Dynasty in history, it was renamed "Houjin". After Huang taiji succeeded to the throne, his territory expanded and his power strengthened day by day. There are not only Jurchen ethnic groups in the territory, but also many Mongolians, Han ethnic groups and Korean ethnic groups ruled by him. It is no longer appropriate to use the term "post-gold". Moreover, due to the influence of history, the Han people have bad feelings for the Jin people, and the title of "post-Jin" is especially unsuitable for attracting the Han people. Therefore, ten years after his succession (1636), Huang taiji changed his country name to "Qing".

Then, why did Huang Taiji use "Qing" as the country name?

There are two ways to say this. It is said that in the year before the change of "late Jin" to "Qing", Huang Taiji had abolished the surname of "Nuzhen" and changed it to "Manchuria". "Manchuria" is similar to "Schumann" in Manchu, originally the name of Buddha, meaning "Emperor of Qing Dynasty", and it is the incarnation of Buddha. Therefore, he used "Qing" instead of "Jin", which won the hearts of all ethnic groups better than "Dajin" or "Houjin" and further replaced the Ming Dynasty.

On the other hand, just the opposite. In Manchu, "Qing" means "Jin". In Chinese, "Qing" means "Jin" in Manchu, and "Jin" is changed to "Qing".