Influence: China's first unequal treaty in modern times, the second Opium War.

The British fleet consisting of 16 warships, 4 steam warships, 28 transport ships and more than 4,000 soldiers arrived in China at the behest of Queen Victoria. Dark clouds of war are gathering. 184110/On October 7th, British troops who lost confidence in the negotiation suddenly attacked Humen Fort, and officially started the first opium war. During the war, the Qing army with the Eight Banners and green camp as the main body resisted to some extent.

However, with the advance of the war, the fatal weakness of the Qing army was exposed. When facing the British army, he collapsed, fled and even surrendered directly. In the end, the Qing court was forced to sign the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history, with Britain under the strong artillery of the British army, which ceded the land, paid reparations and wiped out its dignity.

2. Time of the Second Opium War:185610-186010.

Influence: It deepened the Sino-Japanese War in China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

When the Second Opium War happened, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the south was in full swing. Even so, the imperial court still assembled 200,000 troops in the north, and the British and French allied forces only had 1 10,000 people. The fiercest fighting took place in Tongzhou Bali Bridge. In this battle, Sengqin assembled nearly 60,000 troops, including 1 10,000 elite Manchu and Mongolian cavalry. Eight thousand British and French troops went into battle.

Baliqiao is only eight kilometers away from Beijing, which is the last line of defense in Beijing. The Qing army used the bushes around Bali Bridge to build trenches, and prepared to fight to the death with Britain and France here. The Qing army intercepted the enemy in three ways: south, east and west. According to the original plan, the main force of the west road attacked the enemy, but the south road under the command of Shengbao took the lead in fighting. At this time, the monk Qin knew.

South Road Qing cavalry, armed with bows and spears, fought bravely to kill the enemy. After more than an hour, the farthest one rushed only forty or fifty meters away from the enemy, and the winner was seriously injured and left. Monk Qin's main force went into battle. He tried to divide the enemy, surround and annihilate, but failed, so he had to face the enemy head-on.

Manchu and Mongolian cavalry are well prepared, and the soldiers are brave and not afraid of death, but the weapon level is too different, so the cavalry can't bear the blow of large-caliber artillery and dense hail. The Qing army also had the opportunity of hand-to-hand combat, but the bayonet in front of the flintlock of the British and French allied forces was equally powerful, and the Qing cavalry could not take the advantage.

3. Time of the Sino-Japanese War: 65438+July 25th 0894-65438+April 7th 0895.

Influence: a change of mind. The fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 led to the change of China people's thinking, and China people could not accept such an outcome. It is unbearable to be defeated by Japan, which used to be their younger brother. As a result, the Chinese nation broke out an unprecedented sense of nationalism and anger.

1894, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out, and Japan poured all its strength into the country and finally sent the Beiyang Navy, which is known as the strongest in Asia, to the bottom of the sea. At this point, Japan finally entered one of the great powers and successfully trampled on the Qing Dynasty. This war gave Japan the capital to compete with the world powers for colonial capital.

China was ceded to Japan's Liaodong Peninsula (which failed due to the intervention of other powers), Taiwan Province Province Island and its affiliated islands, Penghu Islands, and paid 200 million taels of silver to Japan, opening the privileges of some important cities to Japan. The Sino-Japanese War intensified the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China, and the crisis of the Chinese nation reached an unprecedented level.

As for why the Qing government failed, we can understand the situation of the Qing government at this time, which lacked foresight, failed in strategy, poor equipment and serious inner-party struggle. These reasons led to the failure of the war, and the Qing government was not a United whole.

4. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China: 1900 ~ 190 1 year.

Influence: The Qing government was completely reduced to a tool for foreigners to rule the people, and a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China was formally formed.

Eight-Nation Alliance captured Dagukou Fort, and Nie Shicheng led his troops to guard the Yangcun area in Tianjin to prevent the advance team of the allied forces from attempting to enter Beijing. At that time, due to the heavy casualties in the war, the Boxer lost confidence in the so-called magical protection and dared not confront Eight-Nation Alliance directly. Once the Boxers lose control, it is inevitable that there will be chaos everywhere.

Nie Shicheng, in desperation, ordered the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion to resist Eight-Nation Alliance. The Boxer Rebellion regarded Nie Shicheng as an enemy. The Qing court was furious at Nie Shicheng's suppression of the Boxer Rebellion, and ordered him to be dismissed and remain in office to see what would happen. Seeing that the situation was irreversible, Nie Shicheng decided to report his death to the country.

When the Japanese army attacked Balitai, Nie Shicheng wore a royal costume, even the most cherished Hualing. High above, fight to the death with the Japanese. When the Japanese saw a man in official uniform riding a burly horse commanding the battle back and forth, they concentrated their firepower and killed Nie Shicheng. For a while.

Nie Shicheng was attacked on all sides, and gunfire rained down. First his legs were killed, then he was shot twice in the face and his cheeks were pierced. Then, he was shot several times in the neck and forehead, his stomach was exploded by shells, and his intestines were several inches, and he was finally killed.

Extended data:

The causes of the first opium war:

The war was related to missionary work, and Malai, a missionary who was consecrated after the war, was killed. However, Europe and the United States have never recognized this war as a religious war, but there is no doubt that it is a drug war. Britain has signed one-sided MFN treatment, which is an excellent position in international trade.

However, Britain did not get the expected benefits. As a matter of fact, Britain never got the expected benefits in China, because the greed of the British and the great powers including the British completely destroyed the possible industrialization of China. No one can get more and more benefits from a degraded agricultural country.

The secondary cause of the Second Opium War;

French Catholicism, at this time, has obtained the right to preach in some parts of China, and France wants to expand this right. In fact, from the Southern and Northern Dynasties 1500 years ago to the mid-Qing Dynasty, China was open to foreign religions. You can also check this yourself. Keywords: Nestorianism, ferdinand verbiest, Tang Ruowang.

At this time, China said no to the missionaries, but these goods really caused too much trouble and had little to do with pure religion. Since the late Qing Dynasty, missionaries have been involved in too many non-religious affairs in China, causing one major event after another. From the point of view of the Qing court and ordinary people, if these missionaries didn't come, life would at least not be worse.

China does not use missionaries as consultants, but also has a modern police system. The people of China must be brainwashed, which was the secondary cause of the Second Opium War.

The causes of the Sino-Japanese War:

The cause of the war and the military preparations for the Japanese invasion of China have been planned for a long time. As early as 1868 (the seventh year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty), Emperor Meiji of Japan strongly advocated militarism at the beginning of his reign, and made foreign expansion a basic national policy. From the very beginning, he targeted aggression at neighboring North Korea and China. Meiji government paid close attention to the reform of military system, promoted modern military education and training, and actively expanded its troops to prepare for war.

The causes of Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China;

The fundamental reason why Eight-Nation Alliance launched the war of aggression against China was to expand its interests in China. The direct reason is the rise of the Boxer Rebellion and the joint suppression of the Boxer Rebellion by the Qing government.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China

Baidu Encyclopedia-The Second Opium War

Baidu Encyclopedia-The First Opium War

Baidu Encyclopedia-Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 1894- 1895