Home is wise, but you will never say that a passerby knows nothing and has no knowledge. You dare not say that children are not intelligent, but you dare not say that they are intelligent for a machine. So how to distinguish wisdom? What we say, what we do, our thoughts flow out of our brains like spring water, so natural, but machines can, so what kind of machines are intelligent? Scientists have made cars, trains, planes, radios and so on. They imitate the functions of our body organs, but can they imitate the functions of the human brain? So far, we only know that this thing in our crown is an organ composed of billions of nerve cells. We know very little about this thing, and imitating it may be the most difficult thing in the world.
British scientist Turing contributed to the definition of wisdom. A machine is intelligent if it can pass an experiment called Turing Experiment. The essence of Turing experiment is that when people can't distinguish the behavior of machines from that of people without looking at their appearance, machines are intelligent. Don't think that Turing will go down in history only after making this contribution. If you study computers, you will know that for computer people, winning the Turing Prize is equivalent to winning the Nobel Prize for physicists. Turing laid the foundation for the emergence of computers in theory. Without his outstanding contribution, there would be no such thing in the world, let alone the internet.
Long before the advent of computers, scientists hoped to create machines that could simulate human thinking. In this regard, I would like to mention another outstanding mathematician and philosopher, Boolean. Together with other outstanding scientists, he laid the thinking structure and method of intelligent machines through the mathematical and accurate description of human thinking, and the logical foundation used by our computers today was founded by him.
I think anyone who has studied computer will be familiar with Boolean. It created the Boolean algebra we learned. When the computer appeared, human beings began to really have a tool that can simulate human thinking. In the following years, countless scientists worked hard for this goal. Now artificial intelligence is not the patent of several scientists. Almost all computer departments of universities in the world are studying this subject, and college students who study computer must also study such a course. Through unremitting efforts, computers now seem to have become very smart. It is well known that computers beat people in the just-concluded chess match. You may not have noticed that in some places, computers help people do other jobs that originally belonged to human beings. Computers play a role for human beings with their high speed and accuracy. Artificial intelligence has always been the frontier subject of computer science, and computer programming languages and other computer software also exist because of the progress of artificial intelligence.
Now human beings have improved the computing power of computers to an unprecedented level, and artificial intelligence will also lead the trend of computer development in the next century. Now the development of artificial intelligence is not obvious because of theoretical limitations, but it will certainly affect our lives as profoundly as today's network.
The research on artificial intelligence has been started for a long time all over the world, but the real realization of artificial intelligence should be counted from the birth of computers, and then it is possible for human beings to realize human intelligence with machines. The English word AI was first put forward at a meeting in 1956. After that, it developed with some scientific efforts. The progress of artificial intelligence is not as rapid as we thought, because the basic theory of artificial intelligence is not complete, and we can't essentially explain why our brain can think, what this thinking comes from, why this thinking comes into being, and so on. But after decades of development, artificial intelligence is affecting people's lives with its great power.
Let's review the development of computers with the development of artificial intelligence. 194 1 year, the first computer jointly developed by the United States and Germany was born. Since then, revolutionary changes have taken place in the way information is stored and processed. The appearance of the first computer was not very good. It is fat and delicate, and needs to work in an air-conditioned room. If you want it to handle anything, you need to reconnect the wires. This is not a labor-saving job. Thousands of silk. I think programmers are living in heaven now.
Finally, a computer that can store programs was invented in 1949. So that the programming program can finally be soldered, which is much better. Because programming becomes very simple, the development of computer theory finally leads to the emergence of artificial intelligence theory. People can finally find a way to store information and process it automatically.
Although it seems that this new machine can realize some human intelligence now, it was not until the 1950s that people linked human intelligence with this new machine. We noticed the old man with a big belly next to him. His research on feedback theory finally made him put forward an argument. All this
The results of human intelligence are all the results of feedback, and intelligence is produced by constantly feeding back the results to the body. Our toilet is a good example. The reason why water does not stop flowing is precisely because there is a device to detect the change of water level. If there is too much water, turn off the water pipe, which realizes feedback and is a negative feedback. If even the equipment in our toilet can achieve feedback, then we should be able to achieve feedback with a machine, and then realize the machine form replication of human intelligence. This idea had a great influence on the early days of artificial intelligence.
At the time of 1955, Shannon and others developed the logic theorist program, which is a program with a tree structure. When the program runs, it searches the tree and finds the branch of the tree closest to the possible answer to get the correct answer. This program can be said to have an important position in the history of artificial intelligence, which has brought great influence to the academic community and society, so that many methods and ideas we use now still come from this program in the 1950s.
1956, McCarthy (the man on the right), another famous scientist in the field of artificial intelligence, convened a meeting to discuss the future development direction of artificial intelligence. Since then, the name of artificial intelligence has been formally established. This conference was not a great success in the history of artificial intelligence, but it gave the founders of artificial intelligence an opportunity to communicate with each other and paved the way for the future development of artificial intelligence. After that, the focus of workers' intelligence is to establish a practical system that can solve problems by itself, and requires the system to have self-learning ability. 1957, Shannon and others developed a program called General Problem Solver (GPS), which extended Wiener's feedback theory and could solve some common problems. While other scientists are trying to develop this system, the scientist on the right has made great contributions. He created the form processing language LISP, which is still used by many artificial intelligence programs, and it has almost become synonymous with artificial intelligence. Today, LISP is still developing.
1963, MIT is supported by the U.S. government and the Ministry of National Defense to carry out artificial intelligence research. The American government did nothing but keep a balance with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Although this purpose is a bit explosive, its result has greatly developed artificial intelligence. Since then, many programs have attracted much attention, and MIT has developed SHRDLU. In 1960s, the student system could solve algebra problems, while the SIR system began to understand simple English sentences. The emergence of SIR led to the emergence of a new discipline: natural language processing. The emergence of expert system in 1970s is a great progress. People know for the first time that computers can replace human experts. Due to the improvement of computer hardware performance, artificial intelligence can carry out a series of important activities, such as statistical analysis of data and participation in medical diagnosis. As an important aspect of life, it began to change human life. Theoretically, the 1970s was also a period of great development, and computers began to have simple thinking and vision. However, in the 1970s, another artificial intelligence language, Prolog, was born. Together with LISP, it almost became an indispensable tool for artificial intelligence workers. Don't think that artificial intelligence is far away from us. It has entered our life, fuzzy control, decision support and so on. It is the purpose of artificial intelligence to let computers take the place of human beings to carry out simple intellectual activities and liberate human beings to engage in other more beneficial work, but I think the endless pursuit of scientific truth is the ultimate driving force.