1. Around 3000 BC, slave city-states appeared in the two river basins.
Two rivers: Euphrates and Tigris. Akkad in the north and Sumer in the south.
From 3000 BC to 2500 BC, the earliest country in Sumer was formed by uniting several regions around a center. Agriculture is dominated by irrigation, and animal husbandry is also very important. Temples supervise slaves, and there is a long-term scuffle between the state and the city in order to seize the control of slaves, land and river irrigation. You sing, I sing. Frequent wars, the construction of palaces, temples and irrigation projects increased the burden on slaves. During this period, Sulupar, uruk, Ur and Kistler ruled successively, but the people's situation did not improve.
2. The Kingdom of Babylon was founded in BC 1894.
An important slave country in the ancient two river basins. Founded by the Amorites around 1894 BC, Sumu Abu was the first king. At the beginning, it was a weak country and attached to other powers in the hegemony of various countries. BC 1758, during the period of the sixth King Hammurabi, the two river basins were unified, and a centralized slave country was established, which became the most powerful country in West Asia at that time.
Under the rule of ancient Babylon, agriculture, handicrafts and commerce in the two river basins have made progress compared with the previous period. The property of royal slavery, which was popular in the third dynasty of Ur, disappeared, private slavery developed obviously, and the hierarchical relationship based on class relationship was very prominent, and a relatively complete code of hammurabi appeared. After the death of Hammurabi, the kingdom of Babylon declined and internal and external contradictions intensified. In 1595 BC, the kingdom of Babylon was destroyed by the Hittite kingdom, but its capital, Babylon, has long been an important political, economic and cultural center in West Asia, occupying an important position in history.
3. Solon Reform in Athens in 594 BC
In 594 BC, Solon was elected as the "ruling and arbitration" ("chief consul") of Athens city-state by virtue of his prestige and political achievements, and began a series of constitutional economic, political and social reform movements.
Solon reform is one of the most important social and political reforms in the history of Athens city-state and even ancient Greece. It paved the way for the revival and prosperity of Athens city-state and laid the foundation of its democratic politics.
On the one hand, Solon's reform laid a social foundation for Athens' democratic politics, on the other hand, it improved the national system, promoted the formation of a diversified pattern of social life in Athens, created a social management mechanism suitable for democratic development, and provided institutional guarantee for ordinary citizens to participate in national political activities.
In 4.395, Rome was divided into two parts.
The Roman Republic was weakened by the power struggle between Marius and Sura, followed by Caesar's civil war against Pompeii. During these riots, many members of the Senate, Gaius Octavius, were killed, executed, murdered or committed suicide. The Senate is full of supporters of the first three heads, and later they are supporters of the last three heads.
After the disintegration of the last three-headed alliance, Octavian and Anthony carved up the eastern and western parts of Rome, and the contradictions between the two sides became increasingly fierce. In September of 3 1 year, Octavian fought Antony and Queen Cleopatra VII in Aksin, Greece. At the height of the war, the Queen of Egypt thought that Anthony had no chance of winning, so she withdrew her troops to Egypt, and Anthony also went to Egypt together. Octavian then invaded Egypt, the Queen of Egypt and Anthony committed suicide, and Egypt was also occupied by Rome.
5.65438+European Renaissance in the 7th century
Renaissance refers to a European ideological and cultural movement that reflected the requirements of the emerging bourgeoisie from the14th century to the16th century.
The concept of "Renaissance" was used by Italian humanist writers and scholars in14-17th century. At that time, people thought that literature and art had been highly prosperous in the classical era of Greece and Rome, but declined and disappeared in the "dark age" of the Middle Ages, and it was not until the14th century that it was "reborn" and "revived", so it was called "Renaissance".
Renaissance first rose in Italian cities, then spread to western European countries, and reached its peak in the16th century, which brought a period of scientific and artistic revolution and opened the curtain of modern European history, and was regarded as the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the modern. Renaissance is one of the three major ideological liberation movements in modern western Europe (Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment).