First, Confucianism:
Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi.
Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the law, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.
Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocating "no class for all" means educating both the rulers and the ruled, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person.
Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and convincing people by virtue, and called for the restoration of the "Zhou Li", which he thought was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.
Mencius' thought is "attaching importance to the people over the monarch" and advocates that the rulers implement "benevolent government" On the discussion of human nature, he thinks that human nature is good and puts forward the theory of "good nature", which is completely different from Xunzi's theory of "evil nature" The reason why Xunzi put forward that human nature is evil is also a more acute manifestation of social contradictions during the Warring States period.
Second, Taoism:
Representative figures: Laozi, Zhuangzi and Liezi. Works: Tao Te Ching, Zhuangzi and Liezi.
Taoism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, also known as "Taoists". Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, this school uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe. It is believed that heaven does nothing and everything is transformed naturally. It denies that gods and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates that quietism and women should be soft. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different factions. There are four famous schools: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School.
Third, Mohism:
Representative: Mozi. Works: Mozi
Mohism was an important school in the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.
The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself. The purpose of "mutual benefit" can only be achieved by "blind date in the world" Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, it also puts forward the idea of "non-life" and emphasizes self-reliance.
Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can get rid of fire and knife to motivate themselves. His disciples are having a debate, which is called "Mo Debate". Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its discipline is strict, it is said that "Mohist law, the murderer dies, and the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu").
After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Fourth, legalists:
Representative figures: Han Fei, Li Si, Shang Yang. Works: Han Feizi
Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate, don't be extremely noble, and be divorced from the law." In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher" and Shen Wu's "Shu" and combined the thoughts and theories of Legalists.
Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, we should ban the theory of a hundred schools of thought, take law as teaching and officials as teachers. His theory provides a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy.
There are 2 17 legalist works recorded in Hanshu, and nearly half of them exist, among which Shang Jun and Han Feizi are the most important.
Five, the famous:
Representative figures: Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong, Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Zilong
Celebrities are one of the important schools in the Warring States period, and they are called celebrities by later generations because they are engaged in the main academic activities of arguing names (names, concepts) and facts (facts). At that time, people called them "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". Representative figures are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.
Six, Yin and Yang home:
Representative: Zou Yan
Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and explaining social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi man in the Warring States Period.
Yin-yang theory holds that Yin-yang is the opposing and transforming force of things themselves, which can be used to explain the law of development and change of things. The five elements theory holds that everything is composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and there are two laws that can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan combined the two, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues" according to the theory that the five elements are mutually dependent and mutually resistant, and established the theory that "five virtues begin and end", which was the law of the rise and fall of dynasties in the past, and provided a theoretical basis for establishing a new unified dynasty.
Twenty-one kinds of works of this school are recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, all of which have been lost. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order, written at the end of the Warring States Period, is said to be a work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to Yin and Yang works, and some Yin and Yang materials are also preserved in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Yingtong, Huainan Custom Instructions and Qin Shihuang's Biography.
Seven. Strategist: Representative figures: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. Founder: Guiguzi. The main remarks were circulated in the Warring States Policy.
The strategists were China's advisers who lobbied the governors and engaged in political and diplomatic activities with the strategy of "horizontal and vertical cooperation" during the Warring States Period. Be listed as one of the schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin and Yi Cheung.
During the Warring States period, the north and south were vertical and the east and west were horizontal. Su Qin advocated that Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu should unite to repel Qin, while Zhang Yi tried to break the alliance. The six countries of Lian Heng were under the control of Qin respectively, hence the name. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military structure during the Warring States period.
There are a lot of records about its activities in the Warring States Policy. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, strategists wrote Sixteen Books and Seventeen Articles.
Eight, saints:
Representative: Lv Buwei.
Miscellaneous school was a comprehensive school at the end of the Warring States Period. It is named after "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "hundred schools of thought's way is consistent" (Han Shu Literature and Art Annals and Yan's Notes). Lu Chunqiu, compiled by Qin party guests, is a typical miscellaneous book.
Nine, farmers:
Nongjiale is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is named after attaching importance to agricultural production. This was sent by an official in charge of agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, and should be put in the first place in all work. On Mencius Teng Wengong, Xu Xing was recorded as a man, "for the words of Shennong", and it was put forward that sages should "plow with the people and eat, and eat for the people", which showed the social and political ideals of farmers. This evening also pays attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production technology and experience. The chapters in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, such as Shang Nong, Man and Land, Border Land and Current Affairs, are considered to be important materials for studying farmers in the pre-Qin period.
Ten, novelist:
Novelists, one of the nine pre-Qin writers, collect folk stories and investigate people's feelings and customs. "Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi" said: "Novelists are all officials. Street talk, hearsay also has. 」
A hundred schools of thought contend briefly. Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, stood out from the contention because he inherited the cultural orthodoxy of three generations in the Central Plains. Thus, Confucianism not only occupies a prominent position in the contention of a hundred schools of thought, but also becomes the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, which has an unparalleled influence on the formation of the Chinese national spirit. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school in the usual sense. Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and the embodiment of China's inherent value system. It has penetrated into every capillary of traditional culture, and greatly influenced all fields of China culture. All doctrines, sects, and even foreign cultures and religions produced from the soil of China can't avoid bringing traces of Confucian culture. Today, not only that. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (as we know, Japan and the "Four Little Dragons" praised Confucianism as a prescription to solve the crisis of faith and moral decline brought about by modernization after realizing or basically realizing modernization. The so-called "Southeast Asian cultural circle" is basically a cultural composition model with Confucianism as the main body. It has effectively promoted the social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. With the development of history, Confucian ethics is entering western countries. Regarding the classification of the hundred schools, Sima Tan listed six schools. "This is the focus of the Six Classics: Yi Da Legend:' The world is consistent without worry, and all roads lead to the same goal. "Yang Fuyin, Confucianism, Mohism, fame, law, morality, this is also a ruler" ("Historical Records Biography of Taishigong"). Liu Xin's "Seven Views" in Hanshu can be divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Law, Ming, Mohism, Vertical and Horizontal, Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Novel. Apart from novelists, they are called "Nine Schools and Ten Schools".
Philosophers are the general name of political schools because the basic purpose of their schools is to provide political strategies for monarchs. Confucianism advocates reforming the people with morality; Taoism advocates governing by doing nothing; Legalists advocate that credit must be punished; Mohism advocates universal love for Shang Tong; Famous scholars advocate respecting soldiers and restraining generals. After the Han Dynasty, Mohism and famous scholars became juexue, farmers became a technical discipline independently, and Yin and Yang schools evolved into metaphysics. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism and law have an influence on the politics of the later unified dynasty.
Many thoughts of a hundred schools of thought have left profound enlightenment to future generations. Such as Confucian "benevolent policy" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you"; Mencius' ancient democratic thought; Dialectics of Taoism; Mohist scientific thought; Legalist materialism; The military thoughts of military strategists are still shining today. Even the sophistry master initiated the logic field in the history of China's philosophy. We can and should learn from the vigorous and promising spirit of Confucianism, and encourage ourselves to be full of vitality and work hard; Learn the Confucian spirit of loyalty to the country and cultivate their patriotic feelings; Learn from the Confucian spirit of "controlling benefits with righteousness" to enlighten yourself to treat material interests correctly, and learn from the Confucian spirit of benevolence to cultivate their noble sentiment of loving the people; Learn from the Confucian concept of honesty and cultivate their own independent personality with self-respect and self-improvement; We should also learn from Mohism's "universal love", "Shang Xian" and "frugality"; Taoism's "less selfish desires" and "Taoism is natural"; Legalists' thought of "abolishing private interests for the public" and so on.
11. Military strategist. Military strategists advocate the use of force to achieve the goal of reunifying the country through war. The founder is Sun Wu, who is divided into four categories: military tactician, military strategist, military yin and yang strategist and military strategist.
The main representatives of military strategists are Sun Wu and Sima Yi at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States Period, there were Sun Bin, Wuqi, Liao Wei, Wei Wuji and Leitian. There were Sean and Han Xin in the early Han Dynasty. The current military strategists' works include Yin Fujing of the Yellow Emperor, Six Towers and Three Views, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sima Fa, Sun Bin's Art of War, Woods, Wei Liaozi, Jiang Yuan, Wonders from Hundreds of Battles, Questions between Emperor Taizong and Li Weiguo, etc. Although there are similarities and differences among various theories, they all contain rich elements of simple materialism and dialectics. The practical activities and theories of military strategists had great influence on that time and later generations, and they were the precious military ideological heritage of China in ancient times. Sima Qian's Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng in the Western Han Dynasty: "Jia Sheng is young and familiar with the books of a hundred schools. Wendi called him a doctor. "