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Brief introduction of Jino nationality
Brief introduction of Jino nationality

Jinuo people mainly live in Jinuo Township, Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, with a few scattered in Dongwang, Dongyang, Olive Dam, Dadugang, Xiangming and Donglun in Jinghong County. Jinuo is an ancient nation. "Jinuo" is a national self-declaration. In the past, Chinese transliteration was "Youle", which means "following my uncle", and by extension, it means "respecting my uncle's nation".

Jinuo people have their own language, belonging to the Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman language family. Because there are no words, we used to record things by carving bamboo and wood. Jinuo people believe in animism and worship their ancestors and Zhu Gekongming. They mainly live on agriculture, and upland rice, cotton and corn are their traditional crops. Tea planting has a long history, including the famous Pu 'er tea.

Jinuo history

Jinuo is a self-proclaimed nation, which was translated into Chinese as "Youle" in the past historical documents. Jinuo people all live in a mountain in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. According to their living habits, holiday customs, costume decoration, ethnic origin and historical evolution, they were identified as China ethnic minorities in 1979, and were approved and announced as the 55th ethnic minority in China by the State Council. There is no written record about the origin of Jinuo nationality. Jinuo people worship Zhuge Liang, which is said to be a part of Zhuge Liang's southern expedition troops and moved from Pu 'er, Mojiang and even further north. After several generations of reproduction and development, the new China had not yet formed a stereotyped class society when it was founded, and it was basically in the rural commune stage of the transition from primitive society to class society. After the founding of New China, Jino people directly entered socialism, completely changing the backward features of slash and burn, bamboo slips carving, barter, and offering sacrifices to ghosts to treat diseases. Today, Jinuo people

Keno music

There are about 1 1900 Jinuo people in Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. No mandarin, no dialect differences, no writing. Carving wood, bamboo, or a few buds and grains, taking notes and counting, believing in animism, and worshiping Zhu Gekongming play an important role in ancestor worship.

Song and dance activities of Jinuo people often stay up all night, especially festivals, weddings and funerals, and building new houses. The songs are melodious and continuous. The songs of Jinuo people are as beautiful and moving as Xishuangbanna, which raised them. From the high Keno Mountain, melodious songs came, as if telling an ancient legend.

Jinuo etiquette

Jinuo people treat guests sincerely, and have always maintained the custom of "eating raw and cooked" among the people, that is, after catching prey, anyone who sees the captor can share it while alive, and then eat it after cooking it until it is finished. So is drinking. As long as the guest doesn't put down his glass, the host will accompany him to the end.

In the folk, the habit of substituting alcohol for punishment has always been retained. Anyone who violates village rules and regulations or does something wrong will generally be fined 10 bowl of wine. In severe cases, the parties concerned will be fined two pigs, 100 kilograms of rice and dozens of kilograms of wine, and the whole village will be invited to have a meal.

In the past, Jinuo people had the custom of coming of age. When the children hold a bar mitzvah ceremony, they will fatten the cows, wrap them in banana leaves and distribute them to all the residents in the stockade to celebrate.

Jinuo people celebrate festivals.

Jinuo people used to believe in animistic primitive religion, but mainly worshipped ancestors. Traditional festivals are mainly Chinese New Year, and the specific time is determined by each village, but most of them are held in the twelfth lunar month. Every Chinese New Year or sacrifice, every household should slaughter livestock and poultry to prepare wine and meat, and the traditional cattle hunting activity is the most grand. At that time, several young men would chop off the cow's feet with a knife and then cut a piece of meat from the cow's ass as a sacrifice. The remaining beef will be shared. At the same time, a cold dish named "Cola Sha" will be made from lean beef, skin, blood, gall bladder, garlic, pepper, sour bamboo shoots, betel nut, green leaves and wine, and three birds and flying squirrels will be used to give gifts to the Zawang family in the neighboring village. Parents will go to their elders (heads of families) to pay New Year greetings, and the elders will hold a banquet and sit down as required.

Sacrificial activities include burning the ground, celebrating the New Year's Festival and eating the soul of the valley. Every time a sacrifice is made, pigs and dogs are usually killed. Hunting sacrifice should be divided into three grades according to the size and ferocity of prey, and the scale of sacrifice depends on the different grades. All prey must be eaten after sacrifice.

Jinuo marriage custom

The marriage of Jinuo nationality is basically monogamous under the patriarchal clan system, but it still maintains some characteristics of many couples' marriages and even group marriages, many of which need to be studied in detail. Men and women 15, 16 years old, have to hold adult ceremonies. After a serious and amazing complicated process, they have to put on adult clothes, embroider the flower emblem in the shape of the moon on their jackets, and embroider the flower emblem on their satchels-"Tongpa". Only in this way can they become members of the commune and have the right to love. After that, they must spend the night in the hotel. Because the young men and women who hold the bar mitzvah every year are of the same age, the young people who hold the bar mitzvah in the next year or two naturally form a love class, but even so, the marriage between the same age classes has a natural process. Pre-marital love usually has three stages: eight drifts, eight treasures and eight miles. Eight drifts is the stage of secret dating, eight treasures is the stage of love changing from secret to public, and Barry is the stage of cohabitation. As long as the relationship between the two sides is warm and harmonious after cohabitation, the man gets up in the morning to sweep the floor of the woman's house, tells the world that he wants to be husband and wife, and then asks his father or uncle to propose to her parents. Usually the woman's parents will agree and then agree on the wedding date. Because marriage is free and has gone through three stages of love, not many people divorce after marriage.

Jinuo girls will give young people a beautiful flower after they are interested in them. If a young man loves a girl too, he can propose to her when young men and women get married after receiving flowers. When getting married, both men and women should kill the pig and treat them. When the bride enters the house, the father-in-law should reward a chicken leg.

Jinuozu clothing

Jinuo men and women like to wear big earrings and have bigger eyes. They think that the size of earring eyes is a symbol of whether a person is hardworking or not, so they wear earring eyes from an early age and gradually expand with age. If a person's earrings are small, they will be considered timid and lazy. Jino men wear wide trousers and a collarless double-breasted white coat. The woman wore a high bun, a triangular pointed hat, a linen bag on her back, various patterns tattooed on her white vest, a collarless long-sleeved coat and a skirt with black and red edges. Jinuo people like to wear homemade homespun with blue, red and black stripes, which is full of national characteristics.

Keno diet

Jinuo people are used to three meals eclipsed, taking rice as their daily staple food, mixed with corn, melon beans and so on. Jinuo people are very particular about eating rice. They should eat good rice, new rice and old rice, which are mostly used to feed livestock or make soju. Corn focuses on eating green. Generally, glutinous rice is kneaded into a ball by hand for breakfast, and rice wrapped in banana leaves is taken to the ground for lunch, and salt and pepper are added at any time. In addition to rice, there are some dishes for dinner, and domestic livestock and poultry can only be slaughtered at weddings and funerals.

Usually, the source of meat depends on hunting. May-September is the rainy season in Mount Keno every year. Almost all the vegetables here are collected from the mountains, and yam, water celery, bamboo shoots, houttuynia cordata and various fungi are often eaten. Bamboo shoots are the most common. Rich wild game and wild vegetables, together with local unique wild pepper, hemp root, citronella and acid wood flour, enable Jinuo people to cook many ethnic dishes with tropical Shan Ye flavor in different seasons.

Jinuo people generally like to drink, and there is a saying among the people that wine is indispensable for a day. Most of the wine we drink is brewed from rice or corn. In the brewing process, some plants such as lock plum leaves are usually added. This wine is light green and has a natural plant fragrance. It is said to have the effect of strengthening the spleen and strengthening the body.

Jinuo Mountain is a famous tea-producing area, and the famous general bait tea is a local specialty. People like to drink old leaf tea. When drinking tea, they usually boil the old leaves in a teapot until the soup is thick. Some Jino women in Maoe, Chema and other villages have the habit of eating a unique local soil, and some elderly women are addicted to eating soil, and they will feel uncomfortable if they don't eat it for a day. Studies show that this kind of clay contains a small amount of elements such as copper, iron, calcium, zinc and so on, which are essential to human body.

Typical foods mainly include: banana meat, whole meat strips and so on. There are also bamboo tube roasted muntjac chops and fried plantagenet.

Keno architecture

Jinuo houses are all dry-track wooden houses, wooden frames, wooden walls and thatched roofs, which are generally two floors. The first floor without walls is used for stacking farm tools and firewood, and the first floor above is the main living room. Jinuo people still retain the custom of sharing the same surname. In the "big house" of the paternal family, there is a clan fire pit, and every small family has a small fire pit. There are dozens or even hundreds of small families living in some "big houses", which reflect the remnants of paternal families and attract the attention of relevant experts.

Jinuo custom

Jinuo people have many taboos, such as: cooking muntjac heads must be done after women sleep, and pregnant women can't eat copper iron pot fish rice; Food sacrificed to the gods must be cooked in the village and in front of the president; Food sacrificed to mountain gods must be cooked in the wild and not allowed to be brought into the village; There is a folk saying that eating chicken can cure diseases. When the baby is full moon, dad will roast chicken behind closed doors and eat it alone. On that day, his father was not allowed to speak, thinking that this would help the children to eliminate disasters.

Jinuo religion

Jinuo people generally believe in primitive religion, nature, ancestors and animism. Every Chinese New Year or sacrifice, every household should slaughter livestock and poultry to prepare wine and meat, and the traditional cattle hunting activity is the most grand. Sacrificial activities include burning the ground, celebrating the New Year's Festival and eating the soul of the valley. Every time a sacrifice is made, pigs and dogs are usually killed. Hunting sacrifice should be divided into three grades according to the size and ferocity of prey, and the scale of sacrifice also varies according to different grades. All prey must be eaten after sacrifice.

The sun drum is the most sacred sacrificial vessel and musical instrument of Jinuo nationality. Every village generally has two sides, that is, male drums and female drums. Jinuo people regard the sun drum as the embodiment of the gods and the symbol of the village, and believe that it can bless the people in the village to prosper and harvest crops. It is usually placed at the home of Zhuo Ba and Zhuo Sheng (another elder after Zhuo Ba), and no one is allowed to touch or knock at will. Only when Zhuoba announces the Chinese New Year, when the Chinese New Year dance is greatly encouraged, and on specific occasions, can it be played.