The scientific name of cultivated soybean is Giycine max(L)Merrill, and its alias is soybean (including mung bean, black bean, purple bean, spotted tea bean, etc. ) originated in China, which is recognized by scholars all over the world. Herbert pointed out in encyclopedia americana: "According to the ancient documents of China, soybean was widely planted before it was recorded because of its high nutritional value. At the same time, in 2000 BC, soybean was considered as the most important leguminous plant. Kuzin wrote in the item "Soybean" in the Encyclopedia of the Soviet Union: "Soybean cultivation originated in China, and China began to cultivate plants 5,000 years ago. In the18th century, it spread from China to South and Southeast Asian countries, and then to Europe. "Valov advocated the origin-centered theory of cultivated plants, saying:" Soybean originated in China and is a cultivated plant in the origin center of China. "Morse said when investigating the ancient history of soybean:" The earliest written record of this plant is in Compendium of Materia Medica, which records Shennong's description of planting this crop in China in 2838 BC. In later records, soybean was repeatedly mentioned as the most important leguminous cultivated crop and one of the five grains (rice, soybean, wheat, barley, millet-the food on which civilized society in China depends). Hymowitz believes that soybean first appeared in the eastern part of North China in China about 1 1 century. Northeast China is likely to be the second gene center (diversity center) of soybean. In this area, there is the greatest chance of hybrid hybridization between wild soybean (G.soja) and cultivated soybean (G.max), thus producing semi-wild soybean (G.gracilis). "Fukuda believes that the northeast of China is the origin center of soybeans. His basis: First, semi-wild soybeans are widely distributed in Northeast China and are rare in other parts of China; Second, there are many varieties of soybeans in Northeast China; Third, many of these varieties obviously have primitive characters. Nagata suggested that soybean originated in China, probably in the northern and central parts of China. According to the distribution of wild soybeans, he established his own conclusion: wild soybeans are the ancestors of cultivated soybeans.
Scholars in China have different views on the origin of cultivated soybeans. Lv Shilin (1977) thinks that China has been cultivating soybeans since Shang Dynasty (BC 1800 102). Ma Yuhua and Zhang Jian (1983) believe that soybean originated in China and was domesticated in China. Soybean has been cultivated in China for more than 5000 years. Soybean is one of the oldest crops in China. Regarding the origin, Wang Jinling, Meng and Zhu Qichang analyzed the photoperiod characteristics of wild soybeans from the south of China to Hengyang in Hunan and from the north to Heilongjiang Province in 1974, and found that the short light intensity of wild soybeans in the Yangtze River basin and its south was the strongest. Therefore, it is considered that the Yangtze River valley and Jiangnan area in China should be the center of soybean origin. The soybeans in this area may be directionally selected from local wild soybeans because of their premature variation, weak short light intensity, variety type and variation, and extremely long agricultural history. In this way, the origin of soybean in China is polycentric. Lv Shilin (1977) thinks that the origin of soybean in China is polycentric. There are two reasons: first, there are areas with early cultural development in the north and south of China, and there are written records about planting soybeans; Second, wild soybeans are everywhere, but the short-term degree of wild soybeans varies from place to place, and the short-term nature of cultivated soybeans is very different, which just shows that the origin is multi-center. Studies by Xu Zhanyou (1999) and others show that Shanxi Province is one of the origin centers of soybeans.
Soybean originated in China, which can be proved by a large number of ancient documents in China. In the Historical Records compiled by Sima Qian in Han Dynasty (BC 145 ~ 93), the first volume of Biography of Five Emperors wrote: "Emperor Yan wanted to invade the princes of the mausoleum, and the princes returned to Xuanyuan with salt. Xuanyuan is Xiu De's army, ruling the five qi, bowing five kinds, comforting all the people and celebrating the quartet. " Zheng Xuan said, "Five kinds, millet, hulled wheat and rice. "Sima Qian wrote in Historical Records * Volume 27:" It is a kind of glutinous rice when spread to the lower berth ",which shows that Huangdi in Xuanyuan once planted glutinous rice. The Ancient History of China, edited by Zhu Shaohou, talks about the economic and cultural development of Shang Dynasty (BC16th century ~ BC 1 1 century), and points out: "The main crops are millet, millet, wheat (barley), rice (wheat), chaff and rice. Bo Huamu pointed out: "As far as China is concerned, there was Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty before 1000 BC. Of course, the records are very limited. In terms of crops, there are millet, millet, beans, wheat, rice, mulberry and so on. They were all crops that people mainly relied on at that time. " Yan Qing Kejun's edition of Records of the Ancient Three Generations, Three Kingdoms, Qin, Han and Six Dynasties points out: "Soybean was born in Huai. Out of the falling rock valley. China matures in 90 days and 60 days. Every 150 days, avoid it. "
The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, which contains more than 300 poems in the Western Zhou Dynasty. There are many references to orchids. According to the Book of Songs, China cultivated soybeans for about 3000 years. The work Xia Zheng Xiao, which describes the Xia and Shang Dynasties, points out: "In May, when the fire begins to faint, the heart of the fire is also there, and it is also the time to plant millet in the heart."
As can be seen from the above literature, the history of soybean cultivation in China has been thousands of years. According to the Book of Songs, China cultivated soybeans for about 3000 years. Judging from the historical records of the five emperors, it has a history of more than 4500 years.
It can be proved from unearthed cultural relics that cultivated soybean originated in China. Archaeologists in China discovered many soybean grains in Houma County of Shanxi Province in 1959, and these soybean grains are now in the plant room of Beijing Natural History Museum. According to the determination of 14C, it has been 2300 years now. This is a relic of the Warring States period. It is soybean, weighing about 18 ~ 20g. This is the earliest soybean cultural relic unearthed in the world so far. It directly proves that soybeans were planted at that time.
1953 On the pottery granary 2,000 years ago unearthed from Shaogou Han Tomb in Luoyang, the words "soybean mangoku" were written in vermilion.
Yang Zhimin et al. (1980) pointed out: "In Mawangdui tombs unearthed in Changsha in recent years, rice, wheat, barley, millet, millet, soybean, red beans and hemp seeds have been found."
Millet and rice cultural relics unearthed in China also prove that there was agriculture in China as early as six or seven thousand years ago. Before 7,000-8,000 years or 5,000 years ago, dialect communes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River developed earlier and faster than other regions. Millet crops with drought tolerance and strong viability are mainly planted in the north. It was called Xiaomi in ancient times. Piles of rotten millet belonging to millet crops were found in the cellar of Cishan Site (magnetic mountain culture, Wu 'an, Hebei). Xiaomi and its shell were found in pits, houses and graves in Banpo and other Yangshao cultural sites. Stone mills and grinding rods are typical artifacts of Khan Lee culture and magnetic mountain culture, which are used to grind off the shells of millet and serve as tools for grain processing. Millet became the main grain in northern China six or seven thousand years ago. A large number of golden brown rice and rice stalks with leaves were found in the lower layer of Hemudu site south of Qiantang River estuary in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province, which were identified as artificially cultivated rice, indicating that rice has been cultivated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River for 7000 years. It can be seen that millet and rice cultivation in China has a history of six or seven thousand years. According to these unearthed cultural relics, it is entirely possible that there are soybeans in the five categories of Huangdi Neijing.
There are many types of soybean varieties in China. There are more than seven or eight thousand varieties of soybean resources, far from being comparable to other countries. Soybean types differ greatly in growth period, seed coat color, grain size, disease resistance, insect resistance, other resistance, quality and adaptability, which greatly enriches the gene pool of soybean varieties in the world.
The distribution of wild soybeans can also prove that soybeans are native to China. In recent years, the investigation and study of wild soybeans by scientists from China in various parts of China show that wild soybeans are widely distributed in China. Wild soybeans are distributed in Yixiken Township, Tahe County, Heilongjiang Province in the north, Fuyuan County, Heilongjiang Province in the east, Shaoguan, Guangdong Province in the south and Ningxia, Gansu Province in the west. Widely distributed in Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces in the Central Plains. The variety of wild soybeans is incomparable to other countries.
According to ancient documents, archaeological remains, cultivated soybean variety resources and the distribution of wild soybeans, it is proved that cultivated soybeans originated in China thousands of years ago. According to the Book of Songs, it has a history of at least 3000 years. According to the records of historians, soybeans were planted in China more than 4,500 years ago. The earliest soybean planting area is in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, such as Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other places or the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Second, the evolution of soybean
Cultivated soybean evolved from wild soybean through artificial cultivation, domestication and selection, and gradually accumulated beneficial variation. The discovery of a large number of intermediate soybean types in China can prove this point. There are different kinds from wild soybeans to cultivated soybeans. The evolution trend of soybean can be clearly seen from the changing trend of soybean grain shape, grain size, pod explosion, plant entanglement or verticality. Generally, the weight of 100 wild soybeans is only about 2 grams, which is easy to fry pods and has strong entanglement. One hundred seeds of semi-wild soybean weigh 4 ~ 5g, and the fried pods are light, and the winding is poor. There are different evolutionary types from semi-wild soybean to cultivated soybean. When cultivated soybean crosses with wild soybean, different types of evolution appear in the offspring, which is between wild soybean and cultivated soybean. This can also indirectly prove that cultivated soybeans evolved from wild soybeans.
Third, the spread of soybeans.
From Shang and Zhou Dynasties to Qin and Han Dynasties, soybean was mainly planted in the Yellow River valley and was one of the important foods for people. At that time, many important ancient books, such as The Book of Songs, Xunzi, Guanzi, Mozi and Zhuangzi, were all mentioned together. "The Warring States Policy" said: "What people eat is mostly bean rice soup." In other words, making bean rice with beans and cooking soup with bean leaves is the staple food of the poor. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Central Plains suffered from famine year after year, and a large number of farmers moved to the northeast, and soybeans were introduced to the northeast. The fertile land in Northeast China, coupled with the careful selection and planting of working people for generations, has made soybeans settle down in Northeast China. According to the Book of Victory in 1 century BC, the soybean planting area in China at that time accounted for four-tenths of all crops.
According to the fact that there are soybeans in the cultural relics of Han tombs unearthed in Changsha, it shows that soybeans were planted in southern China 2000 years ago. According to the History of the Song Dynasty, there was a famine in the south of the Yangtze River in the Song Dynasty, and soybean seeds abundant in the north were transported from Huaibei and other places to the south of the Yangtze River for planting. As can be seen from the book Bi Sheng, more than 2,000 years ago, soybeans were planted everywhere in China.
As early as BC, the people of China and North Korea had frequent economic and cultural exchanges. During the Warring States Period, Yanqi people had contacts with North Korea, and soybeans were introduced to North Korea. China had friendly contacts with Japan in the Western Han Dynasty, and Japan sent envoys to communicate with the Han Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the second year of Jianwu in the Han Dynasty (AD 57), the Japanese slave countries sent envoys to make friends with the Han Dynasty, and Liu Xiusui gave them the golden seal of "King of Slaves in China", which was unearthed in Shiga Shimazaki Village, Jiuzhou, Japan.
Nagata (1959, 1960) thinks that China soybean was introduced from North China to Korea around 200 BC, and then from Korea to Japan. Soybeans from southern Japan may have been brought directly from eastern China by merchant ships in the 3rd century.
German botanist Kampfer spent two years in Japan (169 1 ~ 1692). 17 12 describes in detail various foods made by Japanese people with soybeans. By 175 1 year, European pharmacologists have been familiar with Japanese soybeans and their medical uses. 1740, French missionaries introduced China soybean to Paris for trial planting. 1790, Kew Garden, the Royal Botanical Garden, planted soybeans for the first time. Following 1873, Viennese Friedrich Haberlandt won 19 soybean varieties from China and Japan at the Vienna Expo. After careful trial planting, the four of them harvested the seeds and began to plant soybeans.
1765 soybean seeds were brought to the United States from China by a seaman of the East India Company via London. The United States first planted soybeans on a farm in Georgia in 1765. 1804, James Meese first mentioned soybeans in American literature. In the following 100 years, soybeans were mentioned more and more frequently in American literature, but the output of soybeans in the United States was very small before the 20th century. USDA obtained 175 varieties and types in 1909, of which 19 13 427,19/9 629,1925/kloc-. In the United States, soybeans were mainly planted as feed crops at first, and it was not until 1940 that more than half of soybeans were used to harvest beans for food.
Four. General situation of soybean planting in the world
Among oil crops, soybean ranks first in grain yield, oil and protein. Historically, China's soybean planting area and total output ranked first in the world for a long time. 1936 National planting area1340,000 mu, total output1/0/300,000 tons, accounting for 9 1.2% of the world total output at that time. 1957 planting 1.9 1 100 million mu, which is the largest planting area in China. See table 5- 1 for soybean output in China over the years. During the period of 1954, the planting area and total output of soybeans in the United States surpassed that of China, and China ranked second in the world. From 65438 to 0975, Brazil surpassed China in soybean planting area and total output, and China ranked third in the world. The soybean planting area in China ranks third in the world from 1997 to 1998, accounting for 12 1% of the total soybean area in the world. The total output is14.73 million tons, accounting for 9.4% of the global total output156.73 million tons (see table 1-3), ranking fourth after Argentina. In recent years, soybean planting area and yield have increased, but it has not reached the highest level in history. With the development of agricultural production, the improvement of people's living needs and the development of animal husbandry, as well as the needs of China's accession to the WTO, China's soybean production is required to increase production, reduce costs, gradually increase the protein content of grain products, and change the imbalance between carbon and nitrogen in China's grain structure. Before 1930s, soybean cultivation in the world was mainly concentrated in Asian countries, such as China, Indonesia, Japan and North Korea. From the late 1940s to the early 1950s, the soybean production of the United States surpassed that of China and other Asian countries. At present, the United States, Brazil, Argentina and other American countries have become the main producers and exporters of soybeans in the world. Compared with this, Europe and Asia have not changed much, and African and South Asian countries are also actively taking measures to expand the planting area and increase the unit output.
In the past, American soybeans were mainly grown as hay and silage. An oil mill in Washington State processed soybeans grown in the United States for the first time. Since then, soybean production contracts signed by processors and producers have promoted the expansion of soybean planting area in the United States. After World War II, the demand for edible oil, salad oil and meat in the world market continued to grow, which promoted the rapid expansion of soybean production in the United States. In the early 1950s, the soybean area was less than 84 million mu, from 197 1 ~ 1972 to 255 million mu, and from 1979 ~ 1980 to 427.5 million mu. So far, the United States has become the world's largest soybean producer, consumer and exporter. From 65438 to 0998, the total soybean output in the United States was 73 18 million tons, accounting for 46.7% of the total soybean output in the world; The annual export is about 20 million tons, accounting for 66% of the total soybean trade in the world; The output 175 kg/mu is about 20% higher than the world average output. The export volume of American soybeans to China has gradually increased in recent years, and the export volume has increased by 200% in these two years.
V. Changes and trends of global soybean prices
With the steady growth of the world economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the demand for protein and oil products continues to grow, which is very beneficial to soybean prices and profit prospects. According to the estimation of the American Institute of Food and Agricultural Policy, in the long run, the soybean price will increase by 9. 18 ~ 1 1 USD for every 2.724 million tons of soybean demand. Global oil inventories have been declining since 1988, and soybean prices have rebounded to the highest point since 1988. Due to the economic crisis in Southeast Asia, the price of 1999 soybean fell to the lowest point in history. Looking at the historical curve of soybean price change, it is not difficult to find that soybean price fluctuates under the influence of market supply and demand, global economy and situation. To sum up, it can be summarized as follows: soybean prices are basically stable for a long time. From the end of 1972 to the beginning of 1973, the soybean price reached the highest level in recent 20 years, reaching 48 1 USD per ton of soybean; Then the price began to fall, and it didn't rise to $388.9 until 1988. 1996 rebounded, but the increase was not big; 1999 fell to the lowest point in history, and the price per ton was only 166.7 USD. The changes of soybean meal and soybean oil are similar to those of soybean. The trend of soybean price change can be summarized as: steady and rising, but not too big.
Six, soybean nutrition and health care
Soybean protein contains more lysine and less methionine. In rural areas dominated by plant foods, attention should be paid to the use of soy products with foods rich in methionine, such as rice, flour and other cereals and eggs such as chickens, ducks, pigeons and quails, which can improve the utilization rate of soy protein. When eggs and beans are eaten together, their nutritional value is comparable to that of meat protein.
Soybean contains a fatty substance called linoleic acid, which can promote children's nerve development. Linoleic acid can also lower blood cholesterol, so it is a good food to prevent hypertension, coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis. In addition, soybean is rich in B vitamins and inorganic salts such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. Although dried soybeans do not contain vitamin C, they can produce vitamin C after germination, which can be supplemented in the off-season of vegetables. Raw soybean contains antitrypsin factor, which affects the absorption of nutrients in soybean. Therefore, the cooking time of soybeans and foods made from soybeans should be longer than that of ordinary foods, and the nutritional value of soybean protein should be improved by destroying these factors at high temperature.
People's understanding of soybean
Soybean is known as the "king of beans", as "plant meat" and "green cow", with the most abundant nutritional value. Dry soybeans contain about 40% high-quality protein, which is the highest among other cereals. Modern nutrition research shows that one catty of soybean is equivalent to two catties of lean pork, or three catties of eggs, or twelve catties of milk with protein content. The fat content also ranks first among beans, and the oil yield reaches 20%; In addition, it also contains vitamins A, B, D, E and minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. A catty of soybean contains 55 mg of iron, which is easily absorbed and utilized by the human body and is very beneficial to iron deficiency anemia; A kilo of soybean contains 2855 mg of phosphorus, which is very beneficial to the brain and nerves. All kinds of bean products after soybean processing not only contain high protein content, but also contain many essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by human body. The protein digestibility of cholesterol content in tofu is as high as 95%, which is an ideal tonic and dietetic product. Soybean, bean products such as tofu and soybean milk have become popular healthy foods all over the world.
Soybeans and bean products can be used as medicine. Chinese medicine believes that soybean has the effects of invigorating spleen and qi, clearing away heat and toxic materials. Shennong's Herbal Classic says: "Raw soybeans are sweet and flat. In addition to carbuncle swelling, ... pain relief "; "Herbology Association" said that "relieving qi in the middle, benefiting the large intestine and eliminating edema and toxin"; Bean products such as tofu, soybean milk and bean sprouts have the functions of invigorating qi, harmonizing the spleen and stomach and slightly distending. The book of prolonging life says: "... if you have diarrhea for a long time, just fry it with white tofu vinegar." The stick is bruised and the tofu slices are burnt, which is easy. " Bean sprouts are also called yellow bean rolls. Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica says: "Yellow bean rolls are sweet in taste and flat in nature. They are mainly used for dampness and knee pain."
Protein is the "building material" of human body. Protein, its hydrolyzed amino acids and its quaternary ammonium derivatives are important nutrients and one of the three indispensable elements in human body. Modern nutrition affirms that all enzymes-catalysts and "engines" in biology are protein; At the same time, the trace elements that affect the normal physiological function of human body also belong to the category of protein. So protein is the foundation of life. The main raw material of cells is protein, and protein is indispensable for human skin, muscles, hair and nails. The lack of protein in human body will produce many diseases, including skin diseases, which will affect growth and development and hinder physical fitness; Malnutrition, edema and disfigurement may also occur; It will also make the skin rough and inelastic, wrinkles increase, hair loss and white hair increase, making the face look aging. Regular consumption of high-protein foods such as soybeans and bean products can nourish skin, muscles and hair, make skin moist, tender and elastic, make muscles plump and firm, make hair black and shiny, and prolong life.
Mung beans, peas and soybeans have similar nutritional components, medical and cosmetic values, and can be substituted for each other. Chinese medicine believes that beans have good moisturizing, blackening and whitening effects. Li Shizhen said in Compendium of Materia Medica that it has the functions of "blushing and white ears, never haggard" and "making bathing beans radiant"; "Herbal Supplement" holds that bean flour "will not turn white after long service and will never grow old"; Famous doctors don't record that soybean sprouts have the function of "blackening hair and moistening skin and fur" "Fat White Formula" ("Elbow Queen") only uses soybean sprouts and grinds them into bean powder to make honey pills. After oral administration, it can stimulate appetite and make thin people fat and white.
Soybean flour is a commonly used medicine for making flour formula in Tang Dynasty, and it is also an ideal substrate for making bath beans. Bath bean is a kind of clean skin care cosmetics for washing hands and faces in ancient times, and it is a necessary beauty product for officials, nobles and ordinary people. As Sun Simiao said in "A Thousand Daughters' Wings", "Face cream, fragrant clothes and bath beans are all needed." Spiced powder with peas (that is, peas) as the main medicine is used to gently wipe the face every morning and evening, just like scrubbing with soap. After ten days, the black or reddish purple on the face will begin to fade. If you persist in using it for one year, your face will be very white and moist, which is different from others.
The soybean in The Elbow Queen is a secret recipe adopted by Yang Di's harem. Black beans are soaked in vinegar for one or two nights, heated and boiled, and then the dregs are removed and concentrated with low fire. After application, you can get the effect of "dyeing hair, adding black to white, black as paint". Although this formula is not as effective as modern chemical hair dyes, it shows that the ancients have long known the external hair dyeing effect of soybeans.
Soybean disease
More than 30 diseases have been found, among which fungal diseases are the most, the virus is mainly soybean mosaic virus, and nematodes are mainly cyst nematodes and root-knot nematodes.
Soybean rust, anthracnose, bacterial leaf spot, etc. It is more serious in the south. Downy mildew, gray leaf spot disease, bacterial leaf spot disease and cyst nematode disease are common in northern spring soybean areas. Soybean virus disease occurs in all soybean planting areas.
The main damages to soybean pods are Cercospora, Ascomycetes, Fusarium semitectum, macrophotomamame, Anthracnose and Coccidium.
Leaf diseases mainly include downy mildew, soybean gray leaf spot, soybean black spot and Brazilian spot defoliation. Alternaria phaseoli, Alternaria pachyrhizus, powdery mildew, Pseudomonas glycines, Xanthomonas phaseoli. Soybean mosaic virus, etc.
Stem diseases include Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Diaportha phaseolorum and sasakii Phoma.
Root diseases include Rhizoctonia solani, pythium and Fusarium bulbosum (Fusarium oxysporum).
There are also cyst nematodes, which mainly occur in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and other provinces (autonomous regions). Phytophthora. Sojae is a major disease in the United States and has not been found in China. It is an isolated object.
The comprehensive control measures of soybean diseases are mainly resistant varieties. Pesticide control: About 60% of more than 30 soybean diseases are infected by seeds. Chemical seed dressing can reduce the source of disease infection and also control seedling diseases. For example, 0.3% thiram seed dressing can control soybean downy mildew and gray leaf spot. Leaf diseases such as downy mildew and gray spot and root diseases such as cyst nematode can be effectively controlled by chemical drugs. Agricultural measures should be taken to prevent and control the disease, such as reasonable rotation, such as preventing and controlling soybean cyst nematode disease, and 3-5 years rotation between soybean and cereal crops or non-parasitic crops to reduce insect sources. Selecting seeds and establishing disease-free grass before planting has a good effect on controlling downy mildew, purple spot, gray spot and soybean mosaic virus disease. Intertillage weeding and eliminating water accumulation in the field can reduce the occurrence of soybean diseases and root diseases. Applying more organic fertilizer and timely irrigation can reduce the harm of cyst nematode disease. Clearing weeds in the fields can also reduce diseases, such as soybean mosaic virus.