brief introduction
The royal family in the Southern Dynasties was mainly Han or sub-ethnic, because after the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, most military posts were held by Han or sub-ethnic. Thanks to the efforts of the rulers, the rule of Yuanjia and the rule of Yongming emerged, and the national strength was rich and strong. The emperor was supported by the prestigious mainstream clan, but the clan only wanted to maintain its political status and did not fully support the royal family. The emperor also supported the poor to hold military posts or secondary official positions to balance political power. Because of the struggle for the throne within the royal family, imperial clan bloody cases often occur. Due to the wrong strategic application and the rise of the Northern Dynasties, the territory gradually moved south. The improvement of Liang Wudi in the Southern Dynasties and the chaos of six towns in the Northern Wei Dynasty made the national strength of the Southern Dynasties gradually catch up with that of the Northern Dynasties. However, in his later years, he believed in Buddhism excessively, and the centrifugal force of the country gradually increased. As a result, many powerful warlords in the Southern Dynasties followed Hou Jing who surrendered to Nanliang and launched the Hou Jing Rebellion, which greatly weakened the strength of the Southern Dynasties and split the Southern Dynasties. The overseas Chinese clan that dominated the political situation also completely collapsed and was replaced by the southern indigenous nobles. In the end, the Southern Dynasties completely unified the Southern Dynasties, but Chen Guoli in the Southern Dynasties declined, so we had to rely on the Yangtze River to resist the Northern Dynasties. The Northern Dynasties inherited the Sixteen Countries of Wuhu and became a new dynasty where Hu and Han lived together. The Northern Wei Dynasty was deeply influenced by Wuhu culture. Most of the royal families are Xianbei people, and Xianbei royal families are gradually influenced by Chinese culture, among which the Sinicization Movement of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty is the most prosperous. Because the Northern Wei Dynasty was restrained by its softness, it was difficult for the Northern Wei Dynasty to fully invade the Southern Dynasty, and it was not until the more pro-North Turks replaced the softness that it became more stable. In the late Northern Wei Dynasty, politics gradually deteriorated, and the national strength declined greatly after the Six Towns Rebellion. Finally, it was divided into Eastern Wei and Western Wei, which were replaced by Northern Qi and Northern Zhou respectively. Its military strength is relatively strong. Because the refugees in six towns tend to be Xianbei, the Northern Qi Dynasty mainly advocates Xianbei culture. When the Northern Zhou Dynasty was founded, Xianbei's army was not as large as that of Northern Qi, and its political status was not as good as that of Northern Qi and Southern Liang. Therefore, a Guanzhong-based policy was established to integrate Xianbei and Han cultures and bridge the gap between Hu and Han. Finally, a unified Guanlong Huhan Group was formed in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, which was able to attack and destroy the Northern Qi Dynasty, which was declining due to political chaos. The Han nationality gradually became one of the main forces in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Zheng translated the imperial edict that Yang Jian was always connected with Chinese and foreign military affairs and entered the Korean auxiliary government. Soon after, Zhou Jingdi abdicated and Sui Wendi succeeded Zhou Jiansui. Nine years after Emperor Kai's reign, the Southern Dynasties were destroyed and the land of China was reunified.
Southern Dynasties
After the Sixteen Countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, China entered the stage of division and confrontation between the North and the South. In the south, although the dynasty was changed four times, except for Jiangling, the capital of the Southern Dynasties, which was established in three years by Emperor Liang Yuan, the capital of the Southern Dynasties was built in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). Liu Song (420-479) is the biggest and strongest. ***59 years. Southern Qi State (479-502) was very short, only 23 years. However, due to frequent fights and killings, there were three generations of seven emperors, with an average of one emperor every three years, which was a very rapid change of emperors in the history of China. The Liang Dynasty (502-557) experienced three generations and four emperors, among which Emperor Xiao Yan enjoyed the longest personal time, almost. It was a dynasty with narrow territory, sparse population and weak strength. In addition, the rulers were extremely corrupt and eventually died in the hands of powerful enemies in the north. Historically, the four Southern Dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen were called Southern Dynasties. The history of the Southern Dynasties is the history of aristocratic gentry from prosperity to decline. The imperial power in the Southern Dynasties was relatively strong, but the aristocratic gentry had a noble social status, but they could not completely control the political situation. With the continuous development of Jiangnan, the indigenous Han people.
Song dynasty; surname
Emperor Wu of Song Wudi was a general of the northern government in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and took control of the imperial court after the rebellion in Huan Xuan. In order to gain popularity, he launched two northern expeditions, and * * * recovered Shandong, Henan and Guanzhong areas (after Guanzhong was occupied by Fox Summer). Later, Emperor Wu killed Emperor Jin 'an and renamed him Gong Jin. Two years later (420), he usurped the throne like Wei and Jin Dynasties, established the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty perished. Fang confronted the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. Song Wudi was born in the army. He was determined and thrifty. After he proclaimed himself emperor, he still practiced frugality and had a good political style for a while. But he didn't seem to attach importance to royal education, which led to great changes. He realized that the clan power was heavy at that time, and the authority of the monarch was transferred, so he reused the cold man who had confidential information in politics and handed over the town to the imperial clan. He was born because the imperial clan held military power and administrative areas. Therefore, the emperor and the imperial clan often kill each other. After the death of Song Wudi, Song Shaodi succeeded to the throne. Being playful, he was killed by Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang and Xie Hui, and Wang Yilong, the capital of Yidu, was established by Song Wendi. Later, he and Tan Daoji, the famous minister of the northern government soldiers, eradicated Xu Xianzhi and others who were in charge of state affairs, and the political situation was stable. Song Wendi advocated frugality, clarified official management, and advocated "the rule of Yuanjia".
And make the Southern Song Dynasty lose the general who can check and balance with the Northern Wei Dynasty. Therefore, when the Northern Wei Dynasty broke out, the Southern Song Dynasty failed to make an immediate Northern Expedition due to internal contradictions. In 450, Song Wendi made another Northern Expedition, and achieved great success in the early stage. In the late autumn of 450, Wei Jun launched a full-scale counterattack, even reaching the north bank of the Yangtze River for a time. However, due to acclimatization, soldiers fell ill and returned to the north. Since then, the national strength of the Southern Song Dynasty has declined, and it is powerless to return to heaven. The third son, Liu Jun, took the opportunity to lead the army to seize the position, that is, Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty. He was a dissolute and violent man, who raped his niece, fought two imperial clan wars and finally slaughtered Guangling City. At that time, the folk song said, "Looking at Jiankang City from a distance, Xiaojiang wandered upstream, seeing his son kill his father before, and seeing his brother kill his brother later", which foreshadowed this history. His former son abolished the emperor, then killed the imperial clan, and then Liu Lie, the king of eastern Hunan. The descendants of Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty were all killed. His son, Emperor Fei after the Song Dynasty, became a traitor after the political situation was established, and the general gradually mastered the military power. After Fei Di's death, he established the Song Dynasty and monopolized the state affairs. After destroying his political enemy Yuan Xiehe, he usurped the throne in 478 and established the Southern Dynasties, known as Emperor Qi Gaodi in history, who died in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty.
uniform
Qi has the shortest existence in the four dynasties, only 23 years. Emperor Gao of Qi belonged to the Xiao clan in Lanling, but his status was not high, so he was despised by the imperial clan dignitaries. His political style was the same as that of the early Song Dynasty. He was thrifty and died after four years in office. He was succeeded by the Prince Qi Wudi, who ruled the Qing Dynasty without fighting with the Northern Wei Dynasty and protected the people's environment. History is called "the rule of Yongming", and the great-grandson of Qin Shihuang succeeded to the throne, and Xiaohe assisted him. However, the emperor of Qi was arrogant and extravagant, and national politics was gradually mastered by Xiao Luan. Deliberately usurped the throne, after killing the emperor of Qi, he changed his brother Xiao, and soon abolished the emperor and stood on his own feet. After Emperor Qi Ming succeeded to the throne, he killed the imperial clan kings with official seals, and the descendants of Emperor Wu were all killed. After the death of Emperor Qi Ming, Prince Xiao Baojuan succeeded to the throne. He is very fatuous. In 50 1 year, his younger brother announced that he would transfer soldiers and set up his younger brother to accommodate the emperor in Jiangling, in order to seek benefits for the emperor of Qi. After Xiao Yan invaded Jiankang, the treasure scroll of Qi Emperor was killed by general Wang Zhenguo. The following year, Xiao Yan usurped the throne and established the Southern Liang Dynasty, known as Liang Wudi in history, and died in the Southern Dynasties.
light
The Xiao branch of Lanling, diligent and loving the people, made great achievements in the early Liang Dynasty, and its national strength was better than that of the gradually chaotic Northern Wei Dynasty. In view of the slaughter of the imperial clan in Song and Qi Dynasties, Liang Wudi was very tolerant of the imperial clan, even if he committed a crime. He was knowledgeable and advocated academic development, which made Nanliang education developed and the culture of the Southern Dynasties developed to the extreme. However, in Liang Wudi's later period, he liked to listen to flattery and was superstitious about Buddhism. Three times, I gave my life to Tongtai Temple. Because monks and Taoists don't have to pay taxes, nearly half of their registered accounts are registered under it, and the national financial losses are heavy. At that time, the imperial clan and officials were greedy for money and luxury, and were deeply fascinated. In the early days of Liang Wudi, after the Sinicization Movement, there were many contradictions in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the national strength gradually lost to Nanliang. From 503, the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Southern Liang Dynasty fought in Huainan area. In the end, Zhang Yizhi, Cao and Wei Chui defeated Wei Jun in the battle of separation. At this point, Liang Wudi intends to northern expedition, but the scope can not reach Huainan. After defeating Wei Jun in Shouyang in 5 16, the Northern Expedition was suspended due to excessive losses, and Shouliangyang was not captured until ten years later. Liang Wudi likes to take advantage of his generals to get something for nothing.
When the Six Towns Rebellion happened in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Liang Wudi sent Chen Qingzhi to escort the Northern Wei Beihai Wang Yuanhao back to the throne. At that time, the main force of the Northern Wei Dynasty was still in Guanzhong area of Hebei Province, and Chen Qingzhi and Yuan Hao attacked Luoyang. But because of fighting alone, Wei Jun's main force returned to Luoyang and eventually failed. During the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties, Hou Jing was forced to Nanliang by the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties, and Liang Wudi appointed him to northern expedition to the Eastern Wei Dynasty. But it was defeated by Liang Jun and attacked Jiankang in the south, which is known as the Hou Jing Rebellion. Liang led the small river, led Hou Jing to attack Jiankang, and retreated to Taicheng. After that, although there were diligent teachers everywhere, they were all watching. Later, I heard that after Qin Wang started his career, he once held peace talks, but in the end he broke his promise and captured Taicheng. After the fall of Jiankang, the Jiangnan clan was massacred, which brought a devastating blow to the politics of the Southern Dynasties. Liang Wudi finally starved to death, and Hou Jing immediately killed Emperor Liang Jianwen, Xiao Gang and Xiaodong. Huguang and Sichuan are still controlled by Liang Shi, but the armies of both sides contain each other and are unwilling to crusade. Later, Chen Baxian, the magistrate of Guangzhou, led an army, and Wang Sengbian, sent by Wang Yi in eastern Hunan, attacked and destroyed Hou Jing. Wang Yi of eastern Hunan succeeded Jiangling and became Emperor Liang Yuan. Later, Wuling Ji Wang, based in Yizhou, proclaimed himself emperor and attacked Jiangling. Emperor Liang Yuan turned to the Western Wei Dynasty for help. After Wuling Ji Wang was conquered by the Western Wei Dynasty, Yizhou was also taken away. The following year. The Western Wei Dynasty named him Wei Xiao. After Emperor Liang Yuan was killed, he and Wang Sengbian made Jin Emperor, namely Emperor Liang Jing. Then Beiqi welcomed Xiao Yuanming to the south and was defeated. Wang Sengbian worshipped him as Emperor Liang. Chen Baxian led the army to kill Wang Sengbian, re-establish Emperor Liang Jingdi, and then defeated Beiqi one after another, invaded Wang Sengbian's figurehead, and dictatorship Liang Ting. Finally, in 557, he usurped the throne and established a country.
Chenwangchao
In the history of China, there was only one family named Chen in the Southern Dynasties. In 557 AD, Emperor Liang Jingdi was abolished and Chen Wei was established. Chen Wudi is a native of Wuxing and a native of Wu in the south. At this time, years of war in the south, overseas Chinese and the Wu family were hit by the Hou Jing Rebellion, and the economy was seriously damaged. Many local forces have also become independent. It is doomed to be short-lived. Because Chen Wudi couldn't appease everyone, he adopted the appeasement method. After the death of Emperor Wu, his nephew Chen Gang succeeded to the throne, that is, Chen Wendi. At this time, Wang Lin, who was also at the lakeside, rebelled and joined forces with Beiqi and Beizhou to crusade against Jiankang. Chen Wendi first defeated Wang Lin's allied forces in Beiqi, and then blocked Baqiu to prevent the Northern Zhou Dynasty from advancing eastward along the river. At this point, the situation in the country has been set.
During his reign, he vigorously revitalized the economy in the south of the Yangtze River, making the Southern Dynasties prosperous. After the death of Emperor Wendi, Prince Bozong succeeded to the throne, that is, Chen Feidi. Soon, his uncle Ann became king, abolished the emperor and stood on his own feet. It was Chen. At that time, the Northern Zhou Dynasty intended to destroy the Northern Qi Dynasty, so it invited Chen of the Southern Dynasties to attack it. Chen agreed to recover Huainan intentionally and sent Wu Ming to send troops in 573. Huainan was recovered two years later. The territory of the Chen Dynasty was the widest when Taijian (569 ~ 582) was established. Taijian conquered Beiqi in five years, and built in Dehe, Nansi, Hengba, Luo, Ding, Yang, Huo, He, Jiang, Xi Chu, Dongguang, Huai, Jing, Nanqiao, Dongyu, Guang and Jian. But after all, due to the decline of national strength, Chen instinctively took the opportunity to attack and destroy Beiqi, but he just wanted to hold on. Then the Northern Zhou took the opportunity to attack and destroy the Northern Qi Dynasty. In 577, Chen Jun was defeated by the South, and Chen in the Southern Dynasty was in jeopardy. However, the sudden death of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, civil strife in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties had no intention to attack and destroy. Emperor Wendi died after the establishment of the Sui Dynasty. His successor was Prince Bao Shu, that is, Chen Houzhu. People are miserable. During the harvest season in the south, when the fields were burned in the south, Chen's national strength declined greatly in the southern dynasties. In 588 AD, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty appointed Yang Guang as the main general and launched the Southern Expedition. Relying on the risks of the Yangtze River, Chen sang and danced as usual. The following year, Chen invaded Jiankang, and his wife Zhang Lihua and Kong Guiren escaped into the well and were captured. Chen died in the Southern Dynasties. The history of the Southern Dynasties is that China was divided for nearly 300 years. The imperial power in the Southern Dynasties was relatively strong. Although the gentry had a high social status, they could not completely control the political situation. With the development of the south of the Yangtze River, the indigenous Han people gradually rose politically and entered the bureaucratic class, which was relied on by the emperor. From the era of Liang and Chen, local tyrants in the southern mainland have also become a separatist force.
Northern Dynasties
The Northern Dynasties began in 439, and the Northern Wei Dynasty destroyed the northern cool and unified North China, ending in 589 when the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen. It experienced the confrontation between the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty, and the confrontation between the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, including the Sui-Chen period. Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou were all founded by Xianbei people, while Northern Qi was founded by Han people in Hu Hua.
The Rise of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Sinicization Movement
The Northern Wei Dynasty was established by Tuoba Xianbei in the Sixteen Countries Period, and its predecessor was Daiguo. After the collapse of the former Qin Dynasty in the Battle of Feishui, Tuoba GUI, the grandson of Tuoba GUI, the acting king, revived the country and renamed it "Wei", which was called the Northern Wei in history. The Northern Wei Dynasty gradually developed under the governance of Emperor Daowu, Ming Yuan Di and Emperor Wudi. Tuoba GUI and Hou Yan are also Daowudi. Daowudi was cruel and was later killed by his son Tuoba Shao. In the same year, Tuoba Siping, the eldest son of Daowudi, succeeded to the throne in disorder, that is, Ming Yuan Di. Henan was captured in the Southern Song Dynasty, but he died soon. His son Tuoba Tao succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Tai Wu. He made great efforts to attack the Southern Song Dynasty. After eliminating the threat from the north, he launched a war to unify North China. In 439, the northern beam was conquered and the glory ended. "Confronted with the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, the North officially entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties. However, after Qiu Chi died in the Northern Wei Dynasty in 443. Although the Northern Wei Dynasty was in its heyday, there were strong enemies in the north, so it was impossible to make an all-round expedition to the south. Changing martial arts, Buddhism led the people of all ethnic groups to revolt, and Emperor Taizu pacified Buddhism and became one of the three great generals to destroy Buddhism. After the unification of North China by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Yi, one of the five great powers in the Western Regions, was destroyed. Almost as good as guabu and threatened to cross the river. After that, 50,000 households were plundered and returned to the north. At this point, the military power of the northern dynasties overwhelmed the southern dynasties, but it also suffered great damage. Mao was brutally punished in the later period, and was finally killed by the eunuch Zong Ai. Zong Ai's rebellion was put down in Wen Chengdi. In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) was the capital. Later, Emperor Xiaowen implemented sinicization on a large scale, and the political center also moved to Luoyang, the hinterland of the Central Plains. Emperor xiaowen
When Emperor Xianwen was in office, he was poisoned by his mother Feng Taihou. Feng Taihou was replaced by TaBaHong (Emperor Xiaowen), the son of Emperor Xianwen. Feng Taihou doubted wisdom and abused punishment, but stabilized state affairs. Emperor Xiaowen probably admired Chinese culture because of Feng Taihou, and thought Xianbei people should go deep into Chinese culture. He is smart and eager to learn, and after leading the government, he expanded the capital city of Pingcheng to Seoul. Based on the relatively prosperous Pingcheng in Luoyang, his geographical position controls the whole country. In 493, in the name of the Southern Dynasties, he led his troops to move to Luoyang. At the beginning of the northern Wei dynasty, the system of supervision and protection was implemented. Since the second half of the 5th century, its sinicization trend has accelerated, and Justin, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, initiated the golden age, implemented the three-long system, promulgated the land equalization system, moved the capital to Luoyang, and carried out a series of measures to reform the old customs. After moving the capital, the sinicization movement was launched within three years. For example, the official system of the Han Dynasty was completely adopted, Hu Fu and Hu Yu were forbidden, education was advocated, surnames were changed (including changing Tuoba to Yuanshi County), Han people were intermarried, burial was prohibited, and Chinese culture was adopted according to methods. Emperor Xiaowen tried to achieve the goal of integration with the Han nationality by limiting his own culture. Through a series of reforms, the advanced culture and advanced political system of the Han nationality were completely integrated into the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Northern China has entered the stage of national integration. However, although the Xianbei people who moved south improved their cultural quality, they made the decadent Xianbei nobles tend to be extravagant and weak. Later, Emperor Xiaowen failed in many expeditions to the Southern Dynasties. As for the Xianbei nobles who stayed in the six northern towns, because they were unwilling to move south, they gradually lost power, which split the Northern Wei Dynasty into two groups: Xianbei and Sinicization. It became one of the reasons for the rebellion in six towns in the future. In 494, Prince Yuanxun intended to return to Pingcheng in the north. When Emperor Xiaowen learned about it, he abolished the prince and sentenced him to death. Conservative Mutai and Lu Chui supported the Pingcheng mutiny and were later suppressed. Emperor xiaowen personally visited the north to appease. After Emperor Xiaowen's death, the Northern Wei Dynasty began to decline.
The Rebellion of Six Towns and the Division of Northern Wei Dynasty
After Emperor Xiaowen died in 499, Xuan Wudi succeeded to the throne. He was addicted to Buddhism, the state capital was in chaos, and the nobles competed for luxury. After Emperor Xiaoming succeeded to the throne, Hu Taihou came to power. Hu Taihou was extravagant and extravagant, so he contacted Wang Yuan in Qinghe, and preferred Yuan Cha and Liu Teng. Liu Yuan rebelled at odds with King Qinghe and took control of state affairs. After Liu Teng's death, the chaotic party was put down in 525 after Emperor Xiaoming and Mrs. Hu, but Hu Taihou still existed.
As early as the early years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, in order to avoid the moderate invasion of Pingcheng, the northern capital, six towns of Woye, Huai Shuo, Wuchuan, Fuming, Rouxuan and Huang Huai were set up around the Yinshan Yellow River to defend the capital. The generals in the six towns are mostly Xianbei nobles, and the soldiers are mostly Xianbei or Han children. They are regarded as the "heart of the country" and can return to Beijing at any time. However, after moving the capital to Luoyang, the status of the six towns declined. The promotion of the generals was suppressed and dissatisfied. Finally, in 523, the northern nobles and stationing troops revolted in six towns, and people of all ethnic groups in Qin Long and Kanto also revolted one after another. It took three years to decide this matter, and many warlords were formed. Among them, Er Zhurong, who is guarding Jinyang, is the most powerful. He once defeated Jung, the most powerful in Kanto. Ming Chengzu intends to unite Er Zhurong against Hu Taihou. However, he was poisoned by Hu Taihou. Hu Taihou successively established Princess Ai Jing, the only daughter of Emperor Xiaoming, and his nephew Yuan Zhao as emperors (that is, young masters). In the same year, Er Zhurong led an army to capture Luoyang and control the state affairs on the grounds of revenge against Emperor Xiaoming, which is known as the Yin He incident. He drowned the young master of the Northern Wei Dynasty and Hu Taihou in the Yellow River in Yin He, killed more than 2,000 ministers, and changed Xiao Zhuang to the emperor, while Er Zhurong was in Jinyang. Emperor Xiao Zhuang was furious with thunder. He personally killed Er Zhurong when he met him in 530. Later, Er Zhao Zhu, the son of Er Zhurong, Wang Yuanye, the son of Er Zhurong, and Zhu Shilong, his brother, took Luoyang as their emperor, killed Xiao Zhuang Emperor and renamed him Jiemin Emperor. In the same year, Gao Huan, a warlord, took Yuan Long as emperor in Xindu. After capturing Luoyang in 532, Emperor Xiaowu was in charge, and he planned to unite Guanzhong Town to fight against Gao Huan in August and Gao Huan in 534. And break with Gao Huan, defected to Yu Wentai. Gao Huan couldn't catch up, so he changed Qinghe Wang Shizi to emperor, that is, the Eastern Wei Dynasty honored the emperor and moved the capital to Yecheng. Shortly after Emperor Xi of Xiao Ran, he was killed by Yu Wentai, and changed Wang Baoju from Nanyang to Emperor, that is, West Wei Wendi, with its capital in Chang 'an. The Northern Wei Dynasty was divided into the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty in 534 and perished. In a word, after Emperor Xiaowen's death, due to the opposition of some conservative nobles and Xianbei warriors, the privileges of Xianbei people were restored, which led to new contradictions and the Northern Wei Dynasty began to decline gradually. In 523, Emperor Xiaoming took up troops in six towns, and the Northern Wei Dynasty fell into division and civil war. Xianbei people are integrated into the history of China with a brand-new attitude, and gradually integrated into the big family of the Chinese nation. Soon, even the surnames of Xianbei people disappeared. However, Emperor Xiaowen's good wish of looking forward to national integration is engraved in the historical corridor of the Chinese nation. It shows the historical process of the great integration of the Chinese nation. The promotion of Han culture in the Northern Dynasties laid the foundation for the prosperity of Sui and Tang Dynasties and played a very important role in the history of China.
East-west Wei confrontation
On the surface, the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty were inherited by the descendants of Tuoba, but in fact they were controlled by Gao Huan and Yu Wentai respectively, so they usurped each other a few years later, forming a confrontation between the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty. Basically, the border between the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty is along the Yellow River in Shanxi and Shaanxi. Because the Eastern Wei inherited more national power from the Northern Wei, it was superior to the Western Wei in military strength, economy and culture, but it was defeated after many attacks, and the confrontation between the two sides was decided. The Eastern Wei Dynasty controlled by Gao Huan was composed of refugees from six towns in Xianbei and Hebei clans. Gao Huan is Hu Huahan, which makes him more dependent on Xianbei politically. Later, the Emperor of Northern Qi intentionally maintained Xianbei customs and advocated Xianbei language and martial arts. Gao Huan was talented, and many famous officials in the DPRK were his partners, which laid a solid foundation for the later Northern Qi Dynasty. However, his tactics were not as good as Yu Wentai's, and he was defeated in three battles. In 536, Gao Huan led Dou Tai and others to the Western Expedition.
When he led the army to the west again, he was defeated by Yu Wentai, who was short of troops. At this point, the separatist situation has settled and the battlefield has turned to Hedong. In 546, Gao Huan led another 100,000 troops to the Western Expedition, and there was a battle between Yu Bi, commander-in-chief of the Western Wei Dynasty, and Wei Xiaokuan. Finally, Gao Huan was defeated, killing more than 70,000 people, and died in Jinyang the following year. After the death of Gao Huan, the eldest son Gao Cheng succeeded to the throne. He was violent, raped the minister's wife and was later enslaved. He slaughtered the royal family of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and the Eastern Wei Dynasty died. He established the Northern Qi Dynasty, that is, the Western Wei Dynasty controlled by Wen Xuandi and Yu Wentai of the Northern Qi Dynasty. With the assistance of generals such as Ba Zhuguo, the Western Wei effectively resisted the repeated attacks of the Eastern Wei and consolidated the situation in the Western Wei. At that time, the Western Wei Dynasty was inferior to the Southern Liang Dynasty and the Eastern Wei Dynasty in economy and culture. He asked Su Chuo and others to reform, set up the banner of Guanzhong, and let Hu Han's general Qi Xin work together to establish professional soldiers and maintain the spirit of martial arts. These are all. It also influenced the political system and group distribution in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Taking advantage of the struggle between Nanliang and the kings after the post-Jin rebellion, they successively captured Shu and Jiangling, and made Xiliang the Lord of Lei State. After the Western Wei Emperor, the deposed Emperor and the Gong Emperor succeeded to the throne. After Yu Wentai died in 556, his nephew Yuwen Hu was dictatorial. The following year, the Emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty was abolished, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty was established. Yu Wenjue, the son of Yu Wentai, was appointed as Xiaozong of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and died in the Western Wei Dynasty.
Confrontation between Northern Zhou Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty
Northern Qi inherited the territory of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and was founded by Wen Qi Xuan Di in 550. Wen Qi Xuan Di defeated Huns, Khitans, Rouran and Shanhu people, and occupied Huainan area in Nanliang. Economically, agriculture, salt and iron industry and porcelain industry are quite developed. The Northern Qi Dynasty was basically the same as the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the system of land equalization continued. These made the national strength of Beiqi surpass that of Beizhou and Beizhou in the early stage. Slaughter the Han nationality. His oppression of the people was even heavier, which made the Northern Qi state decline. After qi abolished the emperor, his uncle played an auxiliary role. However, he soon usurped the throne and killed Xiao Zhao, the Emperor of Qi. During the reign of Qi Xiaozhao, the national strength gradually recovered, and he personally signed "Kumohi". However, he died two years later and was succeeded by his younger brother Gao Zhan, namely, Emperor Wuqi and Emperor Wuqi. The state capital was in chaos, and the famous Hu was also killed. Later, Huainan was captured by Chen in the Southern Dynasties and died in the Northern Zhou Dynasty in 577. The Northern Zhou Dynasty inherited the territory of the Western Wei Dynasty, which was established by Xiao Min in 556, but the state affairs were controlled by his cousin Yuwen Hu. Zhou Tianzi tried to unite Zhao Gui and Du to overthrow Yuwen Hu. However, he found that Zhao and Dugu were both killed, and Emperor Zhou was abolished first, and then killed the next year. Yuwen Hu However, in 560, Emperor Ming of Zhou was poisoned, and Yu Wenyong was founded, that is, Emperor Wu of Zhou. 12 years later, he successfully killed Yuwen Hu and took charge of state affairs. Emperor Wu of Zhou was wise and dignified, and promoted various reforms during his term of office, making the Northern Zhou Dynasty stronger. In 577, Emperor Wu of Zhou marched into the stupid and chaotic Northern Qi, conquered Yecheng the following year and died in Northern Qi. After the unification of North China, Emperor Wu of Zhou obtained the return of Li and other Kanto ethnic groups. But he died in the same year, and then civil strife occurred in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, which enabled the Southern Dynasty to survive. Guanlong Group, represented by He August and Yu Wentai, secretly supported localization. As we know, Guanzhong area is the birthplace of Zhou Wenhua. Judging from the tendency of Han Confucianism such as Su Chuo and Lu Bian, Zhou Wenhua still had some influence in Guanzhong at this time. More importantly, it is the orthodox culture of the Chinese nation. This aspect is different from Shandong and Shandong. On this basis, Su Chu and others put forward measures to reorganize the government by adopting the ancient Saturday official system. Although after Yu Wentai's death, Yuwen Hu was overbearing and weakened the sinicization, after Emperor Yuwen Yong of the Northern Zhou Dynasty began to lead the government, the Northern Zhou Dynasty began to pursue a policy that could be implemented as long as it did not hinder the essence of the dictatorship of the landlord class and weaken the power of the landlord class to rule the people. This is what Yu Wenyong of the Northern Zhou Dynasty did. It can make the northern Zhou dynasty push forward the sinicization reform as soon as possible. The Northern Zhou Dynasty used Confucianism as an ideological weapon to get rid of some backward customs of Xianbei people and abandon popular empty talk. Hyunri and Yuwen Yong paid attention to cultivating a large number of people with Confucianism as their political pillar. Only in the military, Yuwen Yong also absorbed a large number of Han people during his administration, so that the soldiers of Han people and Xianbei people knew how to fight together. Unlike the Northern Qi Dynasty, Xianbei people are jealous of Han people, and Han people are afraid of Xianbei people.
The Establishment and Unification of Sui Dynasty
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty is the son of Yang Zhong, the founding father of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and his daughter is a crown princess. In 578, after the death of Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty, Prince Yuwen, namely Xuan Di, succeeded to the throne. He was dissolute and foolish, superstitious about Buddhism and Taoism, and married five queens. He killed Yu Wenxian, the hero of the imperial clan, and withdrew all the kings from the country. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to gather all the ministers of Zhou and Wu to form a huge group. After the death of Emperor Xuandi of Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, a consort, ruled the court. Wei Chijiong, Sima Xiaonan and others were dissatisfied with the autocratic power of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty and rose up against Yang. Emperor Wendi got Li's plan and settled it with Wei Xiaokuan and others. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty took Zhou as the emperor, that is, Emperor Wendi changed his country name to Sui and died in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 587, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished Xiliang and Xiliang died. In 588, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty launched genocide. China was reunified after the demise of the Southern Dynasties. China has been divided for nearly 300 years since Yongjia storm, and the "Southern and Northern Dynasties" ended and entered the "Sui Dynasty". After national integration, Imakiayahito quickly opened the prosperous period of Sui and Tang Dynasties, leaving immortal achievements in world history.