(1) Restore the educational purpose in the early years of the Republic of China, abolish the economics department, and advocate the new education of democracy and science.
After the fall of Yuan Shikai, Fan Yuanlian became the chief of education, and he said that he would seriously implement the education policy announced in the first year. 19 16 In September, the Ministry of Education revoked the Education Outline issued by 19 15. On June+10, 5438, the Ministry of Education promulgated the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Order for Primary and Secondary Schools in Colleges and Universities, and deleted "Reading Classics" and related contents. 19 17 in may, the constitutional review Council rejected the proposal to make Confucianism the state religion, and revoked the clause that "national education should be based on Confucianism" in the draft constitution of 19 13. Schools began to strengthen science education, attach importance to experimental work, and increase practical and professional teaching content. The educational policy formulated in the early years of the Republic of China was realized to some extent.
(b) Establish equal educational rights for men and women.
While opposing the old ethics, the New Culture Movement actively promoted the idea of equality between men and women and liberation of personality, and advocated that men and women have equal rights to receive cultural education and that men and women should be classmates. According to the school system set by 19 12, only boys and girls are allowed in primary schools. By 19 15, Yuan Shikai published "Today's Chinese Studies". Only boys and girls are allowed to attend classes in the first and second grades of primary school. After the third grade, boys and girls can only be in one school, not in one class. After the rise of the New Culture Movement, due to the influence of democratic ideas, the problem of equal rights between men and women in education has been gradually solved. 19 17 10 At the third meeting of the All-China Federation of Education Associations, a proposal was put forward to the Ministry of Education to promote women's education, requiring the establishment of women's higher primary schools and women's middle schools. 19 18 In June, the Ministry of Education handled the case of "Please promote women's education" of the National Federation of Education Associations by considering the local conditions of various provinces and regions. 1920 During the summer vacation, Peking University hosted by Cai Yuanpei recruited girls for the first time, and Nanjing Normal University also began to recruit girls. 192 1 year later, all universities will recruit female students and implement male and female students. Although the implementation of male and female students in middle schools is relatively slow, some relatively advanced middle schools, such as Guangdong Provincial Middle School and the Middle School Attached to Beijing Normal University, have also implemented the method of accepting both men and women, even in the same class. Although these measures are far from the real education of equality between men and women, they have greatly changed the inequality between men and women in education for more than two thousand years, which is a significant event in the history of education development in China.
(3) Putonghua and vernacular Chinese are used in school teaching.
The New Culture Movement advocated the use of vernacular Chinese instead of classical Chinese, and advocated new literature such as national literature, realistic literature and social literature, which produced many excellent works and provided many Putonghua textbooks and extracurricular reading materials for school education. Therefore, educators strongly urge schools to use Putonghua and vernacular Chinese in teaching. 19 17 10 At the annual meeting of the National Federation of Education Associations, in order to unify the language, it was decided to promote phonetic symbols, requiring the Ministry of Education to formulate the standard of Putonghua as soon as possible, and try to promote phonetic symbols to all provinces and regions in order to prepare for the future primary school to speak Putonghua. 1918165438+10, the Ministry of Education officially announced the pinyin scheme. At that time, in Beijing, Comte School, founded by Cai Yuanpei and others, compiled its own Putonghua readers, and Jiangsu Province adopted the "case of teaching in Putonghua in schools" and began to use Putonghua textbooks. The new textbooks published by Zhonghua Book Company also use some vernacular Chinese. In this situation, the Ministry of Education explicitly announced in 1920 that the language of the first and second grades of primary schools should be changed to stylistic, and stipulated that all classical Chinese textbooks prepared in the old days should be abolished and changed to stylistic until 1922. The teaching materials of various subjects in middle schools gradually adapt to the style, and the teaching materials in colleges and universities also adopt the style. In this way, classical Chinese textbooks in universities, middle schools and primary schools are gradually eliminated. This is a major reform in the history of education in China.
University reorganization
19 17 Cai Yuanpei began to reform Peking university after he took over as president of Peking university. He put forward the policy of running a school, including grand ceremony, attracting many families, freedom of thought and inclusiveness. Invite Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Li Siguang and other famous scholars to teach in our school; Reform the preparatory course, adjust the major, and change the department system into the department system; Change the grade system to the elective system and implement the credit system; Reform the school management system, set up a Council and implement democratic management; Establish research institutes, organize various research conferences and encourage scientific research; First, recruit girls and implement male and female students; Use vernacular handouts to help students run publications and set up various societies. These reforms enlivened Peking University's thoughts and changed its outlook. The restructuring of Peking University has aroused the response of colleges and universities all over the country, and some practices have been decided at the meeting of principals of Beijing specialized schools and above. Since then, the university has gradually followed the system of Peking University.
The emergence of various educational ideas and the establishment of various educational groups.
Encouraged by the democratic and scientific banner of the May 4th New Culture Movement, educational thoughts are also very active, with various progressive educational thoughts such as civilian education, work-study education, vocational education and pragmatic education, and many educational groups established. There are mainly 19 15 established in the United States, 19 18 moved back to the Chinese science society in China, and 19 15 the National Federation of Education Associations composed of representatives of provincial education associations and education associations of special administrative regions. 19 17 "China vocational education society" initiated by famous people in the domestic education industry, 192 1 "China education improvement society" merged by the institute of practical education, the new education institute and the editor-in-chief of the new education, 1923 "China civilian education promotion association". These educational groups carried out educational reform movements from different aspects and reformed the academic system of 1922. It had a great influence on the development of school education at that time.
Second, the experiment of teaching reform in the 1920s and 1930s
(A) pilot intelligence test and education test
Intelligence test and education test are methods to measure students' intelligence level, learning ability and academic performance respectively. Originated in Europe and America, it was introduced to China during the May 4th Movement. 19 18 Yu Ziyi, director of the primary school affiliated to Jiangsu Normal University, compiled the "Examination of Chinese calligraphy", which was the beginning of compiling the examination in China. 1920, Liao Shicheng and Chen Heqin applied to take the intelligence test of students in Nanjing Normal University. From 65438 to 0922, Maccoll, a professor of educational psychology at Columbia University in the United States, came to China and worked with teachers and students of Southeast University and Beijing Normal University to compile about 30 kinds of intelligence and educational test. Later, Lu Zhiwei revised the French Binet-Simon Scale, including 65 tests. At the same time, intelligence tests and educational tests were held in various parts of China. 1923, China Education Improvement Society set up a seminar on the implementation of educational psychological tests. 1928 China vocational education institute set up the testing department, Jiangxi provincial department of education set up the Jiangxi children's intelligence testing bureau, and held tests in Nanchang, Jiujiang and other places. 193 1 In June, "China Testing Society" was established and published the Journal of Testing, but the work could not be completed as scheduled due to "lack of funds" [1]. Later, activities in this area, except the "educational testing and statistics" of Normal University, had been depressed in the 1930s.
(two) the implementation of design teaching methods and experimental Dalton system.
Design teaching method and Dalton system are both new teaching methods with children as the center.
The design teaching method was initiated by Ke Qubo, head of the Department of Philosophy of Normal Education at Columbia University, and was introduced to China on 19 17. 192 1 The National Federation of Education Societies passed the resolution of "Implementing the Teaching Act of Primary School Design". 1927 China Education Improvement Society invited Ke, the central figure of design teaching method, to visit China, give lectures in Shanghai and Beijing, and vigorously introduce design teaching method. This teaching method was once quite popular. At that time, the experiment of design teaching method was mainly carried out in two forms: "large unit teaching in homework center" without teachers and "design teaching method in various subjects" with teachers.
Dalton system was founded by American educator Burke Hurst in Dalton Middle School. Since 1922, Dalton system has been introduced into China. The earliest experimental Dalton system was Shanghai Wuhu Middle School, the most famous of which was the middle school affiliated to Southeast University. According to statistics, by 1925, 57 primary and secondary schools in China have tried this method. Burkhorst came to China to give lectures in 1925, which expanded the influence of Dalton system.
193 1 year, American educator Hua came to China and introduced the Wienert card system, which is a teaching system that combines Dalton system and design teaching method. It was tried out in the primary school of the Ministry of Industry at that time under the auspices of Chen Heqin, which had a certain impact on the teaching of some schools.
(C) changing teaching methods into teaching means
Since the late Qing Dynasty, the problem of school teaching methods has been called "teaching method". Tao Xingzhi first proposed to change teaching method into teaching method in Nanjing Normal University. Tao Xingzhi believes that Mr. Wang's responsibility lies not in teaching, but in teaching and teaching students to learn. Teaching methods must be based on learning methods. Teachers should teach and learn at the same time, not sell some knowledge, which can be sold for a lifetime. Tao Xingzhi's viewpoint later developed into "teaching integration" on the basis of Dewey's teaching view. However, the question he raised at that time was a universal topic. As a teaching law and scientific concept, "teaching method" can better reflect the essence of teaching process than "teaching method", so it is accepted by the educational circles. Since then, the teaching method has been renamed as "teaching method".
In addition, at this time, some schools have also carried out research on teaching methods of various subjects. 1927, special primary schools were established in all provinces and cities, and it was clearly stipulated that their task was to experiment with new teaching methods. But these experiments are piecemeal and have little effect.
Third, the rural education movement in the 1920s and 1930s.
(a) the experimental area of rural improvement of China Vocational Education Institute.
China Vocational Education Association took the lead in proposing the rural education zoning experiment. 1In August, 925, Huang Yanpei put forward the "Shanxi Rural Vocational Education Pilot Plan", and then the Vocational Education Society put forward the "Rural Promotion Pilot Plan". The purpose is to "improve the common life in rural areas with the power of education, thus laying the foundation for social innovation." Among the 2I projects listed, the first one is to "study and improve farming methods, and conduct experiments and effective farming methods". The second is "research on improving process efficiency". Third, "implement compulsory education, and all children studying today, regardless of sex, try to let them go to school." Fourth, "civilian education should be given to older scholars" [2]. In July, 1926, Xugong Bridge in Kunshan on the Shanghai-Nanjing line was taken as the first pilot area. The way is to set up a rural improvement association in Xugongqiao, which is divided into seven departments: general affairs, construction, agriculture, education, health, entertainment and publicity. The probation period is 6 years. The experiment started at 1928, and its main tasks included: establishing agricultural experimental fields, setting up farm tools and agricultural products showrooms, distributing improved seeds, organizing credit cooperatives, granting low-interest loans to farmers, and establishing public clinics; In terms of education, there are four public primary schools, two private primary schools, two mobile classrooms, evening classes (the textbook is "A Thousand Words Course for Farmers", which teaches farmers' common sense, civic knowledge and rural creed), and reading rooms, motto boards and open-air literacy and lectures are set up. 1934 After the test, it will be handed over to local authorities for processing.
In addition, China Vocational Education Society has set up experimental areas for rural improvement in Xu Huang, Zhenjiang, Shanrenqiao, Wuxian and Shanghai suburbs. In order to cultivate talents engaged in rural construction, the Vocational Education Society has set up a workshop in Xugongqiao. 1In the autumn of 933, a special course on rural service was set up in Qinghejing, west of Shanghai, and "Zhejiang Zhujiaqiao Rural Improvement Experimental School" was founded in Zhujiaqiao, Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province.
China Vocational Education Association wants to solve the rural problems in China through rural improvement, which is of course an illusion of reformism. However, the rural improvement area of vocational education society puts the development of production and rural economy in the first place and adopts the policy of "enriching politics and education", which is unique.
(2) Tao Xingzhi founded the Rural Normal School and the Shanhai Engineering Corps.
1926, Tao Xingzhi drafted the "Declaration on Transforming Rural Education" for the China Education Reform Society, proposing: "Our new mission is to recruit one million comrades, create one million schools, transform one million villages" and "jointly create a great new life for the Republic of China" [3]. In order to realize this ideal, Tao Xingzhi founded Xiaozhuang Central Primary School and Nanjing Experimental Rural Normal School on 1927, and renamed Xiaozhuang School on 1929.
1932, Tao Xingzhi drafted the "Notes on the Preliminary Experiment Scheme of Rural Engineers", proposing that engineers should integrate workshops, schools and society; Implement six major trainings, namely: general military training, production training, scientific training, literacy training, civil rights training and life training. In the same year, he organized a mountain and sea engineering group between Shanghai and Baoshan. Shanhai engineering group includes youth engineering group (changed to Gonghe Tea Garden after youth evening school), children engineering group (children literacy class), women engineering group, cotton engineering group, fish farming engineering group and Shanhai woodworking field. Children's engineering corps adopts Mr. Xiao to organize children outside school, and adopts the way of teaching the big and teaching the small, which is called automatic engineering corps. The main content of the study is Tao Xingzhi's "A Thousand Words Course for the Young and the Old". In addition, the engineering team also built roads and dikes for fish ponds and set up a cooperative run by Hongmiao Credit Cooperative. 1937, the experiment was stopped due to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
Although Tao Xingzhi advocated and experimented with rural education and put forward six major trainings, in fact, his focus was on popularizing literacy education. Xiaozhuang Normal School is a very influential school. Since then, rural normal schools have been established in all provinces of China.
(3) Dingxian Experimental Area of China Civilian Education Promotion Association.
1926 10 "Ping Church" chose Zhaicheng Village, Dingxian County, Hebei Province as the experimental area. 1930, the "Pingjiao" General Association established a county experimental area and systematically put forward its views on rural education. In view of the ignorance, poverty, weakness and selfishness of rural farmers in China, we advocate the implementation of four major education: literature and art, people's livelihood, health and citizenship, and adopt three major ways: school-style, social-style and family-style. 1932, Yan drafted the county government reform plan for Chiang Kai-shek. 1933, the Hebei provincial government took Dingxian as an experimental area for county government construction and set up a county government construction research institute in Dingxian. The director of the experimental department of "Ping Church" is also the director of the experimental department of the Institute of Architecture of the county government and the head of Dingxian County. The "Flat Church" has also carried out flat education experiments in Hunan, Sichuan, Guangxi and other places, and achieved many results.
(D) Liang Shuming's "rural construction"
Liang Shuming believes that there has been no class and class opposition in China society since ancient times, and there is only a society with "ethical standard and different occupations". Ethical relationship is the "natural basic relationship" of human beings, and the countryside is the foundation of ethical society. Therefore, he put forward the idea of "township governance" to transform society from rural areas. This is the starting point of Liang Shuming's "rural construction". The way is that "rural athletes" use rural agricultural schools to educate farmers in spiritual cultivation, self-defense training and production knowledge through the integration of politics and religion.
1929, the Henan provincial government decided to set up the "henan village Institute of Governance" in Huixian County, Henan Province, with Liang Shuming as the provost and organizing training in rural areas; Training and rural teacher departments train grassroots political power personnel and rural educators. 193 1 With the support of the Shandong provincial government, a rural construction research institute was established in Zouping, Shandong Province to train rural service personnel and implement rural construction as a pilot area. 1in March, 933, the Shandong provincial government designated Zouping and Heze as experimental areas for county government construction and rural construction. Shandong Rural Construction Research Institute merged with two county governments. The county government issued official documents for running schools, organized rural school management committees in various districts, and set up rural schools. Rural agricultural schools are divided into junior high schools and senior high schools, targeting teenagers, adults, the elderly and women. The content is mainly divided into two categories: one is the common curriculum of all rural schools, such as literacy, music, spiritual speech, etc.; The second category is courses tailored to local conditions and schools, such as self-defense organization, self-defense training and related production techniques.
(E) Dai's "People's Livelihood-oriented Education Experiment"
Dai is an advocate of "people's livelihood education". In view of China's poverty and ignorance at that time, he advocated "saving the country first to save the poor, teaching the people first to teach the rich", and took the development and improvement of people's livelihood as the starting point, center and destination of people's livelihood education. Since 1933, Taitai, the Second Reading Movement Promotion Association and the China People's Livelihood Education Society have successively carried out people's livelihood education experiments in rural areas of western Hunan and Baxian County of Chongqing for more than ten years. The basic methods are as follows: (1) Taking the Second Rural Reading Club in West Shanghai and the Eight Immortals China People's Livelihood Construction Experimental Institute as experimental institutions; Take all workers and peasants as the object of education; Taking the economic activities of developing people's livelihood as the classics and the educational activities of writing, citizenship, leisure, self-defense and saving the country as the weft; Implement educational organization systems such as "economic grouping", "mixed education", "local teaching" and "year-round teaching"; Take mutual teaching and learning, self-study, self-study, roving teaching and comprehensive teaching; Adhere to both knowledge and skills, give consideration to study and work, improve the cultural quality of workers and peasants, and cultivate practical talents for rural construction. The experiment of people's livelihood education adapted to the economic, cultural, educational situation and development needs of rural areas in China at that time, and achieved remarkable results.
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Republic that does not exist: 19 12- 1937
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