Weak countries have no diplomacy since ancient times. Since the failure of the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, western powers have set off a wave of dividing up their forces in China. A warship and several cannons can forcibly "lease" China's coastal harbors and military bases.
/kloc-at the end of 0/9, Germany just completed reunification. In order to gain more benefits in China, the Germans decided to seize a stronghold in China as a bridgehead of influence in the Far East.
Although Germany has been planning for a long time, it has never had a reason to send troops to Jiaozhou Bay. Finally, on June 5438+0897 1 65438+10/day, the "Juye religious case" happened, and German missionaries were killed by broadswords in Juye. Gave Germany an excuse to send troops to Jiaozhou Bay.
On the 6th, William II instructed the German Foreign Ministry that if the Qing government didn't pay huge compensation for Juye religious plan and immediately pursued the murderer, Germany would take action to sail the warship into Jiaozhou Bay.
On the same day, Admiral Dillis of East China was ordered to lead all warships to Jiaozhou, occupy strongholds and extort money in any way.
On the 7th, Dillis led three cruisers, Kaiser, Prince William and Cormorant, to sail into Jiaozhou Bay from Wusongkou. All soldiers are required to avoid war as much as possible and occupy Qingdao without bloodshed.
1On March 6th, 898, Germany and Li Hongzhang signed the Sino-German Jiaozhou Bay Lease Treaty, which leased Jiaozhou Bay and its north and south sides to Germany for 99 years.
From then on, Jiaozhou Bay fell into the hands of Germany, and the first world war broke out in 19 14. Germany was defeated, and Japan declared war on Germany and forcibly occupied Jiaozhou Bay.
Did the Ming Dynasty burn Jiashu Garden?
During the Ming Dynasty in Jiaozhou, Lv Xue was one of the ancient generals, and Hou Wuyang (the only general in Qingdao history) was awarded the title of "Tiepiao Hereditary" by the emperor because of Lv Xue's contribution. His son Xue Huan even married Changde princess royal, the second daughter of Ming Xuanzong, and became a captain in Ma Xu.
One of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou" is tall, talented and writes constantly, and his poems and essays are outstanding in the art world, which is clean for officials.
In my mind, the most famous historical event is 1999 twelfth lunar month 16, when I got married.
Peasant Rebels from Wei Yuan invaded Jiaozhou and set fire to the city. Immigrants after the tsunami in the late Ming Dynasty. High discovery of Sanlihe site.
1897165438+1October 13, three german warships suddenly sailed into the quiet JIAOZHOU bay. In less than 24 hours, the officers and men on board successfully landed and occupied Qingdao.
The JIAOZHOU bay incident refers to June 1897 65438+ 10/3, when three German warships suddenly sailed into the previously calm JIAOZHOU bay. In less than 24 hours, the officers and men on board landed smoothly and occupied Qingdao. This is the Jiaozhou Bay incident that shocked China and foreign countries.
background
China
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, which set off a frenzy to carve up China's sphere of influence, focusing on "leasing" coastal harbors and naval bases. It brought great disaster to China.
This carving-up frenzy deepened the survival crisis of the Chinese nation, seriously affected China's national defense construction, and aroused the bourgeois reformists' reform movement of "saving the nation from extinction".
German side
Germany is a rising capitalist country.
After the reunification of the country was completed in the early 1970s, it began to actively expand outward and put itself into a series of great power struggles and competitions in China. Although he entered the competition late, he was full of energy and more arrogant.
In the 1990s, it was no longer satisfied with the export of weapons and general commodities, but wanted to grab a stronghold in China as a bridgehead to expand its influence in the Far East.
pass by
On September 2 1 day, Germany officially informed Russia that the German fleet planned to spend the winter in Jiaozhou Bay, that is, on June 1 65438+1October1day, Hai Jing informed the Prime Minister's yamen of this decision, and the Prime Minister's yamen immediately refused [12].
But at this time, the preparations for Germany's occupation of Jiaozhou Bay were ready. As long as we look for opportunities, we can seize the opportunity to start it.
It happened that the opportunity came.
Juye massacre
1 65438+1October1Late at night, German missionaries Han Ricardo and Francis Neng were killed by members of the local broadsword society in Zhangzhuang Church, Mopan, Juye, Shandong Province. Xue, the pastor of this church, survived.
Afterwards, local officials in Shandong did not report the matter to the Qing government in time.
Prepare to invade China.
On the 6th, William II instructed the German Foreign Ministry that if the China government did not pay huge compensation for Juye's religious plan and immediately tracked down the murderer, it would send a fleet to occupy Jiaozhou Bay and take serious revenge.
On the same day, an imperial edict was drafted for Admiral Dillis stationed in Wusong, asking him to lead all warships to Jiaozhou, occupy suitable places, and extort money in any way (this telegram was sent late the next night) [13].
On the 7th, William II asked the czar's advice on JIAOZHOU bay. The tsar said that he could neither approve nor oppose the Germans entering Jiaozhou Bay.
"Because I just learned recently that this bay only belongs to us temporarily in 1895- 1896." [ 14]
The Qing government ordered Li Bingheng, the governor of Shandong Province, to arrest the murderer quickly to prevent the situation from getting worse. In order to narrow down the situation, Yuxian arrested nine innocent people at random and called it a case of stealing money and killing people. However, to no avail.
On June 5438+00, Admiral Dillis led three cruisers from Wusongkou to Jiaozhou Bay.
Formal invasion of China
13, the German fleet arrived in Jiaozhou Bay.
Dillis gave an order to the fleet to occupy Jiaozhou Bay. It is required to avoid fighting as much as possible in order to achieve the goal of not bleeding.
In order to cover up the invasion, Dillis first sent several officers to land and visited Gaoyuan Zhang, the company commander of Dengzhou, pretending to conduct military exercises.
14, a marine corps consisting of 500 people boarded the Qingdao trestle by speedboat. Gaoyuan Zhang's defenders, three battalions 1500 people, watched the Germans pass by the company commander's yamen without warning.
It was not until the Germans successfully occupied the armory and ammunition depot of the Qing army, overlooking the highland of the fort, and the place where they could shell the yamen of the company commanders that the Qing army issued an ultimatum of three hours' retreat. Gaoyuan Zhang this just a rude awakening.
Under the pressure of the German army, Gaoyuan Zhang led his troops to Sifang Village behind Qingdao Mountain. William II fired twenty shots to celebrate.
Dillis called the Marine Corps to give a speech and announced the occupation of Jiaozhou Bay and all the nearby islands and territories.
Gaoyuan Zhang overlapping code to zhili governor Wang Wenshao and Li Bingheng for instructions.
Li Bingheng insisted on a tough stance, pointing out that Germany "has constituted a dispute and must be confronted by force" [15]. And specifically arranged the deployment plan.
The Qing government believed that "Germany occupied Haikou for a long time. At this time, we will start with the case of Juye. Judging from the situation, there is no reason to go to war. Only calm and strict, let it intimidate, unmoved. Never fire first, causing self-opening. "
Wang Wenshao even thinks that Li Bingheng doesn't like to talk about Westernization, fearing that he can't compromise in handling this matter.
On September 27, the court appointed him as the governor of Sichuan, and Shaanxi political envoy Zhang Rumei as the governor of Shandong. Zhang Rumei should be asked to take up a new post as soon as possible, and the course outline should be severely punished, and the working period should be decided quickly [17].
However, the Germans pushed their luck and continued to force Gaoyuan Zhang to withdraw. And dug trenches at the mountain pass, set up artillery, and claimed to attack at 3 pm 16. Gaoyuan Zhang helpless, withdrawing troops cangkou again.
The General Administration of Express Mail in Li Bingheng invited him to take part in the battle, and the Qing court issued a decree the next day, dismissing him. It is said that "although the enemy situation is horizontal, the court will never transfer troops." At this time, the solution is always based on Du Fu's achievements. If we rush to a decisive battle, we will shake the coast and delay the overall situation. How to close the beam in the future? "He also ordered to stop recruiting, and all the battalions along the Shandong coast were under the control of Wang Wenshao, so that Zhang Rumei quickly went to a new post, and Li Bingheng specialized in teaching plans to obtain information on prisoners [18].
In the Qing government's view, the German army was a force with excellent weapons and armor in Europe.
The new drills of Huai Army adopted the code of conduct of the German army, and the main warships of Beiyang Navy were mainly purchased from Germany.
In the past Sino-German exchanges, there has never been an armed conflict. Therefore, I am both shocked and afraid of Germany's bullying in Jiaozhou Bay.
1 181October 18, the Qing court said in a telegram to Li Bingheng: "The imperial court knows all the chapters. This is where it should contend, and it is also where it is difficult: the actions of foreigners are all in power. If you can't win, you will suffer a big loss. This war is so cautious and shows such a mood.
The Qing government had expected to use foreign forces to force the Germans to withdraw from Jiaozhou Bay. But all efforts were in vain, and Germany continued to show its tough stance and decided to send its Kaiser brother The Prince Henry to lead the Second Fleet to China.
result
1On March 6th, 898, Li Hongzhang, Weng Tonghe and Hai Jing signed the Sino-German JIAOZHOU Bay Lease Treaty, stipulating that JIAOZHOU Bay and its north and south banks would be leased to Germany for 99 years.
During the lease period, China is not under the jurisdiction. If Germany voluntarily returns JIAOZHOU Bay to China before the lease expires, China will repay the money Germany spent here and give the better part to Germany [20].
From then on, Jiaozhou Bay fell into the hands of Germany, and until the outbreak of World War I in 19 14, Japan forcibly occupied it on the pretext of declaring war on Germany, which lasted for seventeen years.
affect
The German occupation of Jiaozhou Bay pushed the western countries to occupy Huaqiang Harbor and carve up dominoes in their spheres of influence, thus deepening the semi-colonial crisis in China.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Germany occupied Jiaozhou Bay, and later, because Germany was defeated in World War I, Jiaozhou Bay was ceded to Japan.