I. Northern reunification and national integration

In the late 4th century, a branch of Xianbei nationality in northeast China became powerful, established the Northern Wei Dynasty, and unified the Yellow River valley in 439. At that time, people of all ethnic groups lived together for a long time, production and life influenced each other, and national integration has become a trend.

Second, the reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty

1. Move the capital: Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi), the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The climate is dry and the food supply is insufficient; Being located in the north is not conducive to the rule of the Central Plains, nor is it conducive to learning and accepting the advanced culture of the Han nationality. Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang.

2. The reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen include:

(1) Use Chinese in court, and Xianbei language is prohibited; ② Officials and their families must wear Hanfu; (3) change the surname of Xianbei nationality to Han nationality, and change the surname of royal family from Tuoba to Yuan; ④ Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles; ⑤ Adopt the official system and laws of Han nationality; ⑥ Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly.

3. The role of the reform: it promoted ethnic integration and accelerated the feudalization process of the northern ethnic groups.

Culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (I)

1. Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties was a famous mathematician and astronomer in ancient China. He used and developed the "secant circle method" created by predecessors, and determined the value of pi between 3. 14 15926 and 3.04438+05927 for the first time in the world. This achievement is nearly a thousand years ahead of the world.

2. Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties was a famous agronomist in the history of China. Qi Shu is an existing complete agricultural scientific work in China, which occupies an important position in the history of world agriculture. The Book of Qi Yaomin summarizes the long-term accumulated production experience of the northern people and introduces the production techniques and methods of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery.

Culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Ⅱ)

I. Calligraphy Art

(1) The time when calligraphy gradually became an art: the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

(2) Evolution: During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the font of calligraphy changed from seal script and official script to regular script, and cursive script and running script gradually became popular.

(3) Book Sage: Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a master of calligraphy, whose words are fresh and beautiful, or "floating like a cloud, agile as a dragon", and his masterpiece Preface to Lanting is known as "a line of books in the world". Wang Xizhi was called "the sage of books" by later generations.

Second, painting.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, painting developed greatly, and Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was the most outstanding. Representative works include A History of Women and A Picture of Luoshen.

Third, the grotto art.

In order to promote Buddhism, the rulers of the Northern Dynasties dug grottoes and carved Buddha statues. Yungang Grottoes near Pingcheng, Datong, Shanxi and Longmen Grottoes near Luoyang, Henan are two famous grottoes.