Unit 1? The Evolution of China's Mainstream Thought of Traditional Culture
Easy Wrong point
1、? Laozi is the founder of Taoist school, but he is not the founder of Taoism that rose in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
2、? Mencius' benevolent policy is not a simple inheritance of Confucius' benevolence. From a vertical perspective, Mencius' political thought is contrary to Confucius'.
Inheritance and development of Zi's thought of "ruling the country by virtue". Confucius' "benevolence" is an ethical concept with a wide range of meanings, and its most
The basic spirit is "love". Mencius started from Confucius' thought of "benevolence",
Political, economic, cultural and other aspects of the policy agenda, that is, "benevolent government."
3、? Note that Mohism is not valued by rulers because it represents the interests of small producers.
4、? Sun Bin of the Military Academy wrote Sun Bin's Art of War, but Sun Bin did not advocate belligerence.
5、? "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" does not mean that only Confucianism is inherited and carried forward, because at this time,
During this period, he also absorbed the thoughts of Legalism, Taoism and Yin and Yang.
Confused point
1、? Comparison between Mencius' People-oriented Thought and Socialist Democracy
The ancient people-oriented thought took "Jun" as the standard and maintained absolute monarchy. The starting point and purpose of socialist democratic politics is to safeguard and realize the fundamental interests of the people.
2、? There are obvious differences between psychology and science.
Philosophically, Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism adheres to the fundamental concept of "nature is reason" and establishes a set of Neo-Confucianism system with "reason" as its ontology and "reason poverty" as its method, which belongs to objective idealism; Lu Wang's theory of mind and nature adheres to the fundamental idea of "mind is reason" and establishes a set of mind and nature system with "mind" (moral benevolence) or "conscience" as the noumenon and "invention of mind" or "conscience" as the method, which belongs to subjective idealism.
From the moral point of view, Neo-Confucianism advocates that people should take external justice as the code of conduct; However, the theory of mind advocates that conscience should be achieved by introspection of "mind", which is good.
Unit 2? Science, Technology and Culture in Ancient China
Easy Wrong point
1、? We can't say that Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest Chinese character in China, but the earliest known Chinese character.
2、? For the Qin Dynasty, political unification was both a cause and a result.
3、? The outstanding feature of China's "literati painting" is not painting scenery, but freehand brushwork.
4、? The development of China's ancient novels is not only novels, but also legendary novels in Tang Dynasty, storytelling novels in Song Dynasty, and
Short stories.
5、? China's science and technology continued to develop in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, while western science and technology also developed rapidly after the Renaissance, but they are not the same.
China's science and technology in Ming and Qing Dynasties belonged to traditional science and technology, while western science and technology belonged to modern science and technology.
6、? Just because China's four great inventions didn't have much effect in ancient China doesn't mean they didn't have much effect.
It shows that any major scientific and technological invention will transform society only if it meets the needs of social development.
The effect is great.
Confused point
China's ancient literature and art have distinct characteristics of the times.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China was in a period of change, with a hundred schools of thought contending. Confucius compiled The Book of Songs as a moral education text, and Qu Yuan wrote Li Sao to express his patriotic feelings.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, the situation of great unification was formed, and Han Fu described that magnificent era with gorgeous rhetoric.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, social unrest swept away the beauty of writing style in Jian 'an literature. Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems express his dissatisfaction with the dark reality and his yearning for an ideal life.
The prosperity of Tang dynasty and the final formation of imperial examination system contributed to the prosperity of Tang poetry; Since the Tang Dynasty, the development of commodity economy and the formation of citizen class have made the secular literature and art such as legendary novels, ci poems, dramas and genre paintings develop.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the decline of feudal society and the germination of capitalism made anti-feudal novels and dramas flourish.
Unit 3? Ideological Emancipation in Modern China
Easy Wrong point
1、? Lin Zexu was "the first person who opened his eyes to see the world" in modern China, but his understanding of the West was not profound, and he was only the first person to learn from it.
2、? It is not only the landlord westernization school but also the early bourgeois reformists who insist on "using Chinese style and western style".
3、? Kang Youwei borrowed the authority of Confucius to promote political reform, while the New Culture Movement shouted "Down with Kongjiadian", but the essence of both was to promote bourgeois ideology and culture.
Confused point
1、? Several different ideological emancipation movements in modern history
"Ideological emancipation" used bourgeois ideology and culture to criticize and oppose feudal ideology and culture that was still dominant in society at that time, such as the Reform Movement of 1898, the Revolution of 1911 and the New Culture Movement.
The "ideological emancipation" in the period of the new-democratic revolution is to fundamentally change the social problems in China with Marxism, combine the principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of the China Revolution, and take a revolutionary road that conforms to China's national conditions.
In the period of socialist construction, "ideological emancipation" means adhering to the Marxist ideological line of seeking truth from facts, proceeding from reality, being brave in exploration and innovation, and striving for building socialism with China characteristics.
2、? Comparison between landlord class resistance and westernization
The resistance faction is represented by Lin Zexu, and the Westernization faction is represented by Yi Xin, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang. Although both factions belong to the landlord class, their purposes are different. The resistance advocates "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", that is, resisting foreign aggression; The Westernization School advocates "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", that is, maintaining the rule of the Qing Dynasty and suppressing the people's struggle against foreign aggression.
3、? Although both reformists and westernizers advocate learning from the west, their opinions are obviously different. Westernization maintained feudal system and thought.
Thinking about culture, advocating "middle school as the body, western learning for use"; The reformists advocated learning western ideology and culture and implementing constitutional monarchy.
Reform the education system and encourage the development of national industry and commerce. Their fundamental difference lies in "what to learn from the West". Two factions
The root of the difference lies in the different class interests represented.
4、? The reformists (reformists) and revolutionaries belong to the bourgeois political factions, but their specific opinions are different.
The new school (reformist school) all demanded to retain the Qing Dynasty and implement a constitutional monarchy, while the revolutionaries demanded to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish
Bourgeois democratic republic; Reformists (reformists) oppose the use of revolutionary means and methods, while revolutionaries insist on the use of force.
A means of pretending to be an uprising.
5、? To study China's ideological emancipation since modern times, we should grasp three characteristics and four stages.
Three characteristics: first, the ideological theme of modern China people's learning from the west and seeking change is for China's independence, democracy and prosperity, and learning from the west is linked with resisting aggression, enlightenment and saving the country, which embodies a strong anti-feudal and anti-aggression nature; Secondly, China people's learning from the West in modern times was a process from the superficial to the profound, from the superficial to the profound, from "implements" to "systems" and then to "ideology and culture". Thirdly, China people's understanding of western culture has gone through a process from passive acceptance (such as the germination of new ideas and the Westernization Movement) to active choice (such as the Revolution of 1911). Finally, China chose Marxism as the ideological weapon to save the country and transform society.
Four stages: from the Opium War to the Sino-Japanese War, the landlord class learned the "artifact"; From the Reform Movement of 1898 to the beginning of the 20th century, the bourgeoisie studied "system"; 19 15 to 19 19, bourgeois studies "Thought and Culture"; From the May 4th Movement to the founding of New China, China changed from "taking the Russian road" to "taking its own road".
China's Important Ideological and Theoretical Achievements since the 20th Century
Easy Wrong point
1、? Nationalism in the Three People's Principles opposes the rule of Manchu nobles; It was not until the New Three People's Principles that we opposed imperialism.
2、? Mao Zedong Thought is not Mao Zedong's personal thought, but the foundation of the people of China with Mao Zedong as the main representative.
The basic principle of Marxism is a science formed by summing up a series of original experiences in China's long-term revolutionary practice.
Ideological system. Practice has proved that Mao Zedong Thought is the application and development of Marxism–Leninism in China.
The correct theoretical principles and experience summary of China's revolution and construction are the crystallization of China's collective wisdom.
Confused point
1、? The position of the Three People's Principles: nationalism is the premise of revolution (national revolution); Democracy is the core of the revolution (politics
Revolution); People's livelihood is the supplement of revolution (social revolution).
2、? The new three people's principles and three major policies: the new three people's principles are the revolutionary program and specific goals; The three major policies are guidance.
Ideas, methods, approaches and specific policies. Both of them are the guiding ideology and political program of the new-democratic bourgeois revolutionaries.
Collar. Three major policies are the symbol and soul of the new Three People's Principles. The new three people's principles fully embodies the spirit of the three major policies; troika
Policy is the essence of the New Three People's Principles, the sublimation of Sun Yat-sen's democratic revolutionary thought and the reality of China's democratic revolution.
Requirements.
3、? The four theoretical achievements solve different problems: the Three People's Principles focus on solving the problems after overthrowing the rule of imperialism and feudal warlords,
Finally, establish a bourgeois democratic Republic in China; Mao Zedong Thought focused on how to realize the democratic revolution in China.
Victory established the people's democratic dictatorship; Deng Xiaoping Theory concentrated on solving "what is socialism and how to build it?"
Building socialism "; The core of Theory of Three Represents is "what kind of party to build and how to build it"
The problem of establishing a party.
4、? The mature process of China Theory can be summarized as one, two and three.
One truth is the China of Marxism-Leninism, that is, the universal principle of Marxism-Leninism is combined with the concrete reality of the China Revolution.
Two historic leaps. The first leap was the new-democratic revolution. The first generation of central collective leadership with Mao Zedong at the core found China's own revolutionary road and founded Mao Zedong Thought. The second leap occurred after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party. The second generation of central collective leadership with Deng Xiaoping at the core found China's own road of construction and founded Deng Xiaoping Theory.
Three great changes, from semi-colonial and semi-feudal society to new democracy; The transition from new democracy to socialism; The transformation from building socialism to building a socialist road with China characteristics.
Unit 5? Science, Technology and Culture in Modern China
Easy Wrong point
1, "two bombs and one satellite" refers to atomic bombs, missiles and artificial earth satellites, in which "two bombs" are neither atomic bombs nor hydrogen bombs.
2. After the reform and opening up, the improvement of rice yield mainly depends on science and technology, followed by policy.
Confused point
The meanings of "letting a hundred flowers blossom" and "letting a hundred schools of thought contend" are different.
"Let a hundred flowers blossom" refers to the different forms and styles of literature and art, which can develop freely; "A hundred schools of thought contend" refers to different factions in science, and they can debate freely. Specifically, the policy of "letting a hundred flowers blossom" is to advocate freedom of independent thinking and debate, freedom of creation and criticism, freedom of expressing opinions and reserving opinions in the fields of literature, art and scientific research.
Unit 6 the origin and development of western humanistic spirit
Easy Wrong point
1、? The Renaissance and the Reformation opposed feudal churches and religious ideas, rather than abandoning Christianity.
2、? The climax of the Enlightenment appeared in France, not Britain, because it was an ideological reflection of feudal autocracy hindering the development of capitalism.
Confused point
The meaning of humanistic spirit in different periods in the west
(1) The humanistic spirit of ancient Greece: the intelligentsia played a positive role in the ideological enlightenment and liberation of the Athenian people.
Promoting effect. Some of their thoughts are the initial embodiment of humanistic spirit in the history of western thought. For example, "People are everything.
The concept of "scale" suddenly puts people at the center of the world and society. This is under the rule of primitive religion and nature.
The first awakening of human self-consciousness. We have reason to regard the thought of the wise school shining with humanistic spirit as western humanism.
Protagoras is regarded as the pioneer of the western ideological emancipation movement.
(2) The significance of humanism during the Renaissance and Reformation: criticizing theocracy and advocating people's liberation and thinking.
Want to be free; Advocating rationality and science and pursuing knowledge.
(3) The Enlightenment's development of humanism: the interaction between man, nature, state, religion and science.
This relationship has made an important contribution to the development of humanism. Enlightenment enriches and develops the connotation of humanistic spirit,
Promote the religious and theological struggle against feudalism and feudalism, establish the bourgeois "rational kingdom", and press
The height of building a political system according to the interests of the bourgeoisie is more thorough than the Renaissance, and it has a distinct color of political revolution.
The essence of life.
Unit 7? World science and technology and historical footprint since modern times
Easy Wrong point
Einstein's theory of relativity only negates Newton's absolute view of time and space, not the whole Newtonian mechanics. Newtonian mechanics is a special case of low-speed relativistic mechanics. Newtonian mechanics is the foundation of the whole mechanics, and the concepts created by Newton still guide our physics thoughts. Relativity developed Newtonian mechanics and broke the traditional absolute view of time and space.
Confused point
1、? On the issue of human origin, there are obvious differences between science and religion: in the world outlook, religion is based on an idealistic world outlook, while science is based on a materialistic world outlook. Methodologically speaking, religious theory has not been tested by practice, and science is based on experiment and observation. Politically speaking, religion is actually a tool for the ruling class to safeguard its privileges, while science pursues democracy and equality.
2、? The invention of the steam engine promoted the first industrial revolution, and human society entered age of steam. The emergence of power technology inventions such as generators has promoted the arrival of the second industrial revolution, and human society has entered the electrical age; The rapid development of information technology represented by the Internet has greatly changed people's lives, and human society has entered the information age.
Unit 8? /kloc-world literature and art since the 0/9th century
Easy Wrong point
1、? In Chinese painting, impressionism is similar to freehand brushwork. In terms of expression, the impression is oil painting and Chinese painting is water.
Chinese ink
2、? Realistic art is not modernist art, although there is a word difference between the two, but there is a big difference.
Confused point
1、? The difference between modernist literature and realistic literature
Judging from the time of its emergence and prosperity, realistic literature has a long history in the west and has become the mainstream of literature since the 1930s. Modernist literature rose in the late19th century and reached its peak in the 1920s and 1930s.
From the social origin of the rise, the development of realistic literature is due to the increasingly exposed contradictions in capitalist society and the increasingly prominent social problems after the industrial revolution. The development of modernist literature is due to social problems such as economic crisis and world war after the second industrial revolution, which makes people afraid of capitalism, thus making them confused and miserable and unable to find a way out.
From the creative characteristics, realistic literature emphasizes truth, describes real life in detail, analyzes the conflict tendency of human behavior in detail, and reproduces typical characters in special environment. Modernist literature is a diversified literature with various schools and styles, which is characterized by concentrated self-expression and anti-tradition in artistic techniques.
2、? In modern history, the prevalence of various literary schools is closely related to the historical conditions at that time.
From the end of 18 to the 1930s of 19, romantic literature reflected the disappointment of all social strata to the "kingdom of reason" proposed by enlightenment thinkers. It pursues subjective ideals, no longer highlights human rationality, and pays attention to expressing personal feelings.
From 1930s to early 20th century, realistic literature developed with the complication and sharpening of contradictions in capitalist society. On the one hand, it tries to truly express real life, on the other hand, it mercilessly exposes and strongly criticizes the existing social order.
Several confusing knowledge points in China's modern history
1. The principal contradiction in modern China society: During the period when foreign capitalism invaded China, such as War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the principal contradiction in modern China was the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, and ethnic contradictions dominated. When foreign powers relatively relaxed their aggression, or when foreign powers used "controlling China with China" as a substitute tool, the main contradictions in modern China were feudalism and the masses, and class contradictions dominated.
2. The relationship between enterprises and national capitalist enterprises in the Westernization Movement. National capitalism is not developed on the basis of westernization enterprises. The Westernization Movement has played an inductive and exemplary role in introducing advanced technology, cultivating talents and establishing modern enterprises.
3. The content of "treaty of shimonoseki" shows that foreign capitalism's aggression against China has entered a new stage, which mainly refers to allowing Japanese to set up factories at trading ports. Capital export has replaced commodity export as the main form of economic aggression, reflecting the requirements of imperialist countries for capital export and world division.
4. The New Three People's Principles and the Three Major Policies: The New Three People's Principles and the Three Major Policies are complementary and indispensable. The three major policies of "uniting Russia, uniting the Communist Party and helping the peasants and workers" are contained in the New Three People's Principles, not the content of the New Three People's Principles, but the ways and methods of struggle to realize the New Three People's Principles.
5. The meaning of alliance. The establishment of the League indicates that the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China has entered a new stage, which is mainly based on the unified leadership and program of the bourgeois-democratic revolution.
6. 1927 Reasons for the failure of the Great Revolution. The failure of the Great Revolution mainly refers to the failure of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary tasks.
7, the basic task of the second revolutionary civil war. Its basic task is the agrarian revolution. The central problem of the agrarian revolution is to solve the problem of farmers' land, not to overthrow the rule of the Kuomintang in a hurry.
8. Land ownership of household contract responsibility system: the basis of household contract responsibility system is public ownership of land, not private ownership of farmers' land. The implementation of the household contract responsibility system did not change the public ownership form of land, but changed the management mode of agricultural production and the distribution form of products. Therefore, China's economic system reform aims at developing socialist productive forces on the premise of adhering to the socialist system and reforming a series of links in production relations that are not suitable for the development of productive forces.