In this process, due to the development of manufacturing industry, the population of big cities has increased. Many countries have abolished the property restrictions on the right to vote, established new education systems, and the number of educated people has increased rapidly. The improvement of civic education and political interest has increased the demand for newspapers. The gradually formed financial capital can provide huge funds for running newspapers. The extensive construction of railways has accelerated the speed of transportation and postal services. The rapid development of commodity production enables newspapers to obtain rich income through advertising. All these make newspapers increasingly become the demand of society.
The industrial revolution has led to the rapid development of paper-making, printing, telecommunications and other fields related to newspapers. 1820 invented a new paper-making method, and the price of paper fell 1/4. In the 1960s, cylindrical paper was invented to print newspapers. Chlorine bleaching made the paper-making raw material transition from cloth head to cotton, and later invented pulping with wood, which solved the problem of cheap paper. The European telegraph was opened at 1845, the submarine cable between Britain and continental Europe was opened at 1850, and the submarine cable between Europe and America was opened at 1866. Then the news agency appeared. Great changes have taken place in news interview and transmission, newspaper organization and organization, and printing machinery and technology have been continuously improved. 183 1 year, two-cylinder printing press came out. 1846, invented 1 high-speed cylinder printing machine. 1863 invented a printing machine which can automatically and continuously feed paper. Foundry typesetting machine was invented between 1872 and 1892. 1889 There was a printing machine that could print on both sides and fold automatically. This series of inventions and improvements accelerated the modernization of newspapers. (See History of Foreign Printing)
With the victory of bourgeois revolution in some European countries, various restrictions on press and publication have been lifted one after another. The function of newspaper has developed from transmitting information to a tool for political struggle, publicity and education, and expressing public opinion. News publications developed from weekly magazines in the form of "news books" to daily newspapers in folio or quarto format, and then a popular cheap papers appeared, which has the form of contemporary newspapers. Printing and newspaper, magazines and newspapers are gradually separated. The newspaper industry has developed from a small private enterprise to a profitable enterprise closely related to political parties and industrial financial capital. At the same time, working-class newspapers began to appear.
1702, the British daily Daily News was published in London. This is 1 single-sided newspaper, with two columns on each page, and no headlines or advertisements printed on the back. Its publishing purpose is "to provide fair news every day". It quickly became an authoritative newspaper in London, publishing 6000 issues.
Political writers appear. 1704 ~ 17 13 years, Defoe published the review, which was originally bimonthly, and then changed to three weeks. Together with handicrafts and chessboards, it became a tool for the struggle between Whigs and Tories at that time. Defoe is good at discussing various issues with moving and convincing writing, and is known as the "father of editorial" of modern newspapers and periodicals. 17 19 years, he published Robinson Crusoe in the Daily Mail, which is a serial novel of 1 in newspapers all over the world.
Due to the participation of newspapers in the partisan struggle, the Tories, who were in power in 17 12, promulgated a stamp duty bill to restrict newspaper attacks, and imposed heavy taxes on every newspaper, paper used by newspapers and advertisements published to restrain the publishing industry. This restriction called "knowledge tax" was not abolished until 186 1. This made the British newspapers in this period have the characteristics of small layout and small circulation.
After 1730, newspapers in London gradually concentrated in the hands of big booksellers, and newspapers began to become a necessity of social life. /kloc-During the mid-8th century, the circulation of important political newspapers was more than 10000. With the gradual expansion of coverage, advertising has become an important factor in newspaper revenue. 1785, J. Walter first founded the World Daily News, and 1788 changed its name to The Times. After taking over the second office in 1803, J. Walter was good at reflecting and guiding public opinion, making it an influential newspaper, with the circulation ranking first in all British newspapers in the first half of 19 century.
1832, Britain passed the Parliamentary Reform Act. 1833 ~ 186 1 year, the taxes on newspapers, papers and advertisements were gradually abolished, and the quotations dropped, so cheap papers, known as "a kind of leisure newspaper", appeared one after another. Cheap newspaper, 1 The success is the Daily Telegraph, which was founded on 1855. Its inaugural issue is 4 pages, and many news headlines only have country names and place names, which is half cheaper than other newspapers. It quickly changed from a half-price newspaper to a casual newspaper, and its circulation increased rapidly. /kloc-at the end of 0/8, Sunday newspapers began to appear in Britain.
As Britain entered the industrial revolution, the newspaper industry also entered an expansion period. At 182 1, there are 267 newspapers in Britain. At 186 1, the number has increased to 1 102. After fierce competition, there are 1880 daily newspapers in London, 96 in England, 4 in Wales, 2 1 in Scotland and 17 in Ireland. In addition, there are 157 professional newspapers, including 44 religious newspapers, 35 banned newspapers, 33 humorous newspapers, 24 fashion newspapers and 2 sports newspapers.
Under the influence of the French Revolution, radical newspapers appeared in Britain from the end of 18 to the first half of 19, such as Sherwin Political Chronicle and Manchester Observer. Among them are workers' newspapers that educate the working class and provide various services, and most of them are publications that do not pay stamp duty. The influential workers' newspapers include Gogan, Handyman, Guardian of the Poor, Destruction, Iron Gloves, Voice of the People, United Trade News, Lawyers for the Poor and so on. R owen, a utopian socialist, founded the weekly New Moral World in 1834.
During the period of France 18 ~ 19 century, the emerging bourgeoisie and the feudal class in France fought repeatedly for a long time, and the political situation was turbulent. Newspapers serving different classes also have ups and downs, ups and downs. It was not until 1870 that the Third Republic was established and the bourgeoisie ruled steadily that the French newspaper industry developed rapidly.
1777, 1 The daily newspaper Paris News was founded in Paris. Mainly report social, artistic and drama news, and avoid talking about politics.
From 65438 to 0789, the French Revolution broke out, and the French Constitutional Assembly adopted the Declaration of Human Rights and Civil Rights, declaring that freedom of thought and opinion is the most precious human right. In the following three years, there were about 1000 news publications in France and more than 300 newspapers in Paris. Famous figures include French patriots, Friends of the People, Father Du Xie and Tribune. From 1792 to 1875, republicanism and monarchy appeared repeatedly in France, and the control over the press and publishing industry was also loose and tight. Many newspapers are short-lived. 1848 After the founding of the Second Republic, 450 newspapers and periodicals emerged in France, among which Friends of the People, Torch and robespierre are the most famous. After the retrocession of Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, there were only 14 newspapers among more than 400 newspapers. However, political turmoil attracts people to care about politics and read newspapers. Therefore, the circulation of French daily increased by 18 15, reaching 1870. During this period, the ideological trend of utopian socialism spread rapidly in France, and newspapers promoting utopian socialism appeared. The more important ones are Fourier's French newspaper, Peace and Democracy newspaper and Saint-Simon's Earth newspaper.
1836, 1 the press and publication of cheap papers with great success. Le figaro was changed into a daily newspaper in 1866, and became a political newspaper in 1887. Other successful cheap papers are Little Daily founded in 1863, Little Parisian founded in 1876 and Daily founded in 1889. Their funds are provided by the financial industry and industrial Kang Zeen.
187 1 March, the working class in Paris revolted and the Paris commune was established. On May 28th, the uprising failed. During this period, many revolutionary newspapers were published in Paris, such as Password, Voice of the People, Father Du Xie, Avenger and Commune.
188 1 On July 29th, the government of the Third Republic promulgated the most liberal press law in Europe at that time, and the French newspaper industry has developed smoothly since then.
Germany18th century, German business information developed rapidly, and newspapers and periodicals published business information appeared one after another, but there were no political daily newspapers. Prussia has loose control over newspapers, while the Austrian government and the University of Vienna have strict censorship on newspapers. Throughout Germany, there were two publications in the18th century. One is an academic publication based on universities and written by scholars, experts and officials. One is a small city newspaper sponsored by the family. Some of the latter continued into the 20th century. By 1926, the German newspaper of15 was still owned by the family. This publishing system exists in Russia, Switzerland and Nordic countries.
1848- 1849, the bourgeois revolution took place in Prussia and Austria, and the restrictions on newspapers were lifted. In Austria, 1848 has founded more than 200 newspapers, 90 of which are daily newspapers, the most famous of which is News. From 65438 to 0867, Austria passed the Basic Law, established a parliamentary political party, and gradually entered industrialization. 1889, the political newspaper Workers appeared. During the same period, the famous newspapers were New Freedom and New Vienna Daily. Vienna became the center of European newspapers at that time. Important newspapers founded in Prussia after 1848 include 1855 Berlin Trade News and 1856 Frankfurt News. Berlin has become a competitive place for Prussian newspapers. The circulation of newspapers increased from less than 654.38+million in 1847 to 9 million in 1870. 187 1 The development of industry and finance promoted the development of newspaper industry. The important newspapers that began to be published are 187 1 Berlin Daily, 1883 Berlin Local Newsletter and 1898 Berlin Morning Post.
Russia/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/8th century, Peter the Great founded The News in St. Petersburg in 1702, and published the Moscow edition in171year to publish foreign news and official documents. This is the earliest news publication in Russia. 1728, the Russian government published the St. Petersburg News twice a week.
From 65438 to 0756, Moscow University published Moscow News twice a week. At the same time, a large number of private publications appeared. Since then, the czar has strictly examined publications. During the 65438+ 1930s and 1940s, the capitalist relations in Russia developed day by day, and serf uprisings continued. 1847, herzen, a revolutionary Democrat, founded Zhong in London and smuggled it to Russia, advocating reform, which had a great influence. 186 1 Abolish serfdom and the newspaper industry began to develop. There are famous Russian newspapers and current affairs newspapers. By 18 13, there were 859 kinds of newspapers and periodicals in Russia, with 2.7 million copies issued.
1830 After Belgium became independent, 1844 published the Flemish newspaper Business Daily. French newspapers have also developed. As of 1874, there are 68 daily newspapers in Belgium, with 175000 subscribers.
Danish royal newspaper Danish Courier was founded on 1666, which is the earliest newspaper in Denmark. Bering Times was founded on 1749. 1849 After the government promulgated the freedom of the press act, newspapers of different factions gradually formed in Denmark. 19 13, there were 143 independent daily newspapers in Denmark and newspapers representing three or four political parties in at least 30 cities.
Italy 17 14 Rome News was founded. 1770, Venice imitated the French newspaper and published the Bulletin, which was distributed to all parts of Italy. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the Italian independence movement rose. 1820, the charcoal party founded the Italian weekly. 183 1 year, g mazzini founded the youth Italian party, 1832 founded the youth Italian newspaper. 1847, c.b. Gafur founded Fuxing daily. 1860 Gafur unified all Italian regions except Rome and Venice, and published the People's Bulletin. 1870, Rome belonged to Italy. The Vatican Catholic Church published the organ newspaper "Roman Observer" this year. Milan Evening Post (Italy) was founded on 1876. It adopts the layout technology of American and British newspapers and has a large circulation. Other important newspapers founded in this period include Century in Milan, Post in Turin, Tribune in Rome and Italian News.
/kloc-Other important newspapers published by other European countries in the 20th century include: Swiss New Zurich (182 1), Norwegian Evening Post (Norway) (1860) and Dutch 1 cheap papers Daily News (1).
In Asia, Japan implemented the Meiji Restoration in the 1970s and 1980s, and embarked on the capitalist road, and commercial popular newspapers were born one after another. Important ones are Tokyo Daily News (1872), Yomiuri Shimbun (1874) and Asahi Shimbun (1879). By 19 10, there are 250 newspapers in Japan.