1. The shape and size of the earth

The earth is an ellipsoid with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator.

(2) Portuguese navigator Magellan led the fleet to realize the first human voyage around the earth.

③ The earth has a surface area of 5 1 10,000 square kilometers, a maximum circumference of 40,000 kilometers, an equatorial radius of 6,378 kilometers, a polar radius of 6,357 kilometers and an average radius of 637 1 kilometer.

2. Weft and warp yarns

Latitude: a circle perpendicular to the earth's axis and surrounding the earth.

Latitude varies in length, and the equator is the largest latitude circle.

② Meridian: a semicircle connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude vertically.

The warp is equal in length.

3. Latitude and longitude

① Latitude change law: increasing from equator (latitude 0) to south and north pole. The maximum latitude is 90 degrees, at the South Pole and the North Pole.

(2) The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, which is represented by "n"; The latitude south of the equator is called the southern latitude, which is represented by "S".

③ Divide the earth into two hemispheres, with the northern hemisphere in the north and the southern hemisphere in the south, with the equator as the boundary.

④ Variation law of longitude: from the prime meridian (0 meridian) to 180 from west to east.

⑤ The longitude east of the prime meridian is called east longitude, which is represented by "E"; The longitude west of the prime meridian is called the west longitude, which is expressed by "W".

⑥ The dividing line between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere is the warp circle composed of 20 W and160 E. ..

The west of 20 w to160 e belongs to the western hemisphere (greater than 20 w or160 e).

East of 20 W to160 E belongs to the Eastern Hemisphere (less than 20 W or less than160 E).

4. the movement of the earth

①

In which direction does the earth move? A natural phenomenon that occurs periodically.

Radial

The earth axis runs from west to east for about 24 hours.

Alternate day and night

Around the sun

From west to east for one year

Form four seasons

② The seasons in the northern hemisphere are opposite to those in the southern hemisphere (spring and autumn; Summer-winter)

③ The five zones on the earth's surface are divided into northern frigid zone (66.5° N-90° N), northern temperate zone (23.5° N-66.5° N), tropical zone (23.5° N-23.5° S) and southern temperate zone (23.5° S-66.5° S).

Cold zone: extreme day and night; Tropical area: direct sunlight.

Temperate zone: there is neither direct sunlight nor extreme day and night, and the four seasons change obviously.

④ Low latitude: 0-30; Mid latitude: 30-60; High latitude: 60-90.

⑤ Move the globe from west to east. Seen from the North Pole, the globe rotates counterclockwise; Seen from the Antarctic, the earth rotates clockwise.

5. Map

① Three elements of a map: scale, direction and legend.

② Scale types: line scale and digital scale.

③ Judgment of scale: the smaller the denominator, the greater the score, which is a large scale; The larger the denominator, the smaller the score, which is a small scale.

(4) Large scale, small scope and detailed content (such as the map of Dongtai City)

Small scale, large scope, and slight content (such as the map of Jiangsu Province).

⑤ The vertical distance of altitude at a certain place on the ground is called altitude. Connecting points of equal height into lines is the contour line. Contours can be used to represent the ups and downs of the ground.

Second, land and sea.

1. The distribution of land and sea in the world is very uneven. Land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, but there is an ocean (Arctic Ocean) around the North Pole. The oceans are mainly concentrated in the northern and southern hemispheres, but there is land around Antarctica.

2.7 1% of the earth's surface is ocean and 29% is land. (Three parts land, seven parts sea)

3. Peninsula is a protruding part where land extends into the ocean; A strait is a narrow waterway connecting two oceans.

Four continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

5. Causes of land and sea changes: changes in the crust and the rise and fall of sea level are the main reasons for land and sea changes, and human activities can also cause land and sea changes.

6. German scientist Wei Gena put forward the continental drift hypothesis.

7. In 1960s, earth science research showed that continental drift was caused by plate movement.

8. See page 37 of the textbook for the schematic diagram of the six major plates.

9. Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable; The area where plates meet has active crust, which is the concentrated distribution area of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world.

Three. Weather and climate (page 42)

1. Weather has two important characteristics: weather reflects the atmospheric conditions in a short time; At the same time, the weather in different places may be very different.

2. See Figure 3.4 on page 45 of the textbook for wind direction and wind force.

3. Temperature and its distribution

① The highest temperature in a day appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

② In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in 65438+ 10.

In a year, the temperature in the southern hemisphere is the lowest in July, and the temperature in the mainland is the highest in 65438+ 10.

③ From the equator to the poles, the temperature gradually decreases.

(4) According to the observation, the temperature drops by about 0.6℃ every time the altitude rises 100 meters.

⑤ Use isotherm diagram to show the horizontal distribution of air temperature.

4. Precipitation and its distribution

① Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are collectively referred to as precipitation. Rainfall is the main form of precipitation. Fog and dew are not precipitation.

② From the equator to the poles, the general trend is that the annual precipitation decreases gradually.

③ Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland.

④ In temperate regions, there is less precipitation in Chinese mainland and more precipitation in coastal areas.

⑤ The distribution of precipitation is represented by isoprecipitation line graph.

6. The world's "rainy pole"-begging for help; The world's "dry pole"-Atacama Desert.

⑦ Usually, there is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas.

4. World climate

(1) Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, and generally it doesn't change much.

② See page 58 of the textbook for the world climate distribution map.

③ Near the equator (tropical rain forest climate); Polar regions (frigid climate); The east coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate); The west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (tropical desert climate); Mid-latitude inland areas (temperate continental climate).

④ Climatic characteristics of tropical rain forest: high temperature and rainy all year round; Mediterranean climate features: less rain in high temperature period and more rain in low temperature period.

⑤ The main factors that affect the climate are latitude, land and sea, topography, temperature and precipitation.

6. The content of this part in the geographical map set.

Fourth, residents and settlements.

1. Population and race

The speed of population growth is determined by birth rate and death rate.

② Natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate.

③ Population density indicates the degree of population density. Population density generally refers to the average number of people living per square kilometer.

Population (people) in a certain area

Population density (person/km2)

Area of this area (square kilometers)

(4) densely populated areas: coastal plain areas in the middle and low latitudes.

Sparsely populated areas: extremely arid desert areas, rain forest areas with excessively humid climate, high latitude areas with severe cold all the year round, or high plateaus and mountains.

⑤ Caucasians are mainly distributed in North Africa, Europe, Oceania, North America, East Coast of South America and West Asia.

Yellow people are mainly distributed in eastern Asia, northern North America and northwestern South America.

Black people are mainly distributed in southern Africa and northwest Oceania.

⑥ From the middle of16th century, European colonists began to capture African blacks and sell them to the United States as slaves to make up for the shortage of American labor.

2. World Language and Religion

Chinese is the most widely used language in the world, and English is the most widely used language in the world.

Major language distribution area

China, China

English: Western Europe, North America, South Asia, etc.

Russia Russia

French-speaking France, Central and Southern Africa

Spanish, Spain, many countries in Latin America

Arabic West Asia, North Africa

②

Christianity, Buddhism and Islam are the three major religions in the world.

④ Christianity is the religion with the largest number of believers in the world.

(5) Muslims are called Muslims. Islam is also called Islam or Puritanism in China.

6 Christianity-church; Islam-mosque; Buddhism-temples.

3. Human settlement-settlement

Settlement is not only the place where people live, but also the place where people carry out labor production and social activities.

Generally speaking, there are rural settlements first and then urban settlements.

③ The residents in rural residential areas are mainly engaged in farming, grazing, fishing, logging and other production activities. Residents of urban settlements are mainly engaged in industry and service industry.

④ At present, in some plain areas in the middle and lower reaches of rivers, settlements are densely distributed; In mountainous and desert areas, there are few or no settlements.

⑤ Two-story wooden buildings or bamboo buildings (high-legged houses or elevated houses) are common in tropical and rural settlements that are hot and rainy all the year round.

In tropical desert areas, local houses have the characteristics of thick walls and small windows.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) development and cooperation

1. At present, there are more than 200 countries and regions in the world, which are distributed on all continents except Antarctica.

2. In terms of land area, the largest is Russian, and China ranks third in the world. (The second place is Canada)

In terms of population, China is the largest and India is the second in the world.

There are two main political systems in the world: capitalism and socialism.

4. Some colonies and territories that have not gained independence are called "regions". At present, there are more than 30 regions in the world.

National boundaries are mainly divided according to mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans and longitude and latitude lines.

6. The territory, territorial waters and airspace within the national boundaries are collectively referred to as territory.

7. At present, there are more than 20 developed countries in the world, mainly in Europe, North America and Oceania. Japan in Asia is also a developed country.

8. At present, there are more than 150 developing countries in the world, most of which are newly independent countries after World War II, mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

9. Internationally, it is customary to refer to the political and economic discussions between developing countries and developed countries as "North-South dialogue"; The mutual cooperation among developing countries is called "South-South cooperation".

"South"-developing countries are mainly distributed in the southern hemisphere and the southern part of the northern hemisphere.

"North"-developed countries are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere, and a few are distributed in the southern hemisphere.

10. At present, the largest international organization in the world is the United Nations, which was formally established in 1945 and headquartered in new york, USA. Its basic purpose is to "promote national development and safeguard world peace". 1

Chapter VI Asia

1. Geographical location in Asia: located in the eastern and northern hemispheres, bounded by Bering Strait and South America in the northeast, Urals Mountains, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea and Turkish Strait with Europe, Suez Canal and Africa in the northwest, and Oceania across the sea in the south.

2. Asia is the largest continent in the world, with the largest area, the widest latitude and the farthest distance from east to west.

People divide Asia into East Asia, South Asia, West Asia, North Asia, Central Asia and Southeast Asia. China is located in East Asia, and the countries in East Asia are: China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia.

4. Layered color-coded topographic map: (the middle (dark brown-pink) is high in altitude, and the surrounding color gradually changes from light yellow to light green-the altitude gradually decreases)-Asian topographic features: the middle is high and the surrounding is low.

5. Find the following place names in the map and tell the expressions of these geographical things: Himalayas, Mount Everest (Little Black Triangle), Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Dark Brown Region), West Siberian Plain (Green Region), Caspian Sea, Lake Bacher, Dead Sea (Closed Light Blue), Arabian Peninsula, Malay Archipelago, North China Plain, Indus Plain, Deccan Plateau and Pamir Plateau.

6. Distribution characteristics of rivers: It originates in the middle and flows radially around. The main rivers are: Yangtze River, Yellow River, Mekong River, Ganges River, Indus River, ob river River and Yenisei River.

7. Climatic characteristics of Asia: The climate types are complex and diverse, and the monsoon climate and continental climate are widely distributed. Methods The climatic characteristics of other continents were analyzed: the distribution law of climatic types and which climatic type is the most widely distributed. The characteristics of monsoon climate: high temperature in summer, low temperature in winter, and great seasonal variation of precipitation, concentrated in summer and autumn, with both rain and heat.

8. Ranked by population: Asia, Africa, Europe, South America, North America, Oceania; Ranked by natural population growth rate: Africa, South America, Asia, Oceania, North America and Europe.

10, a country's industrial structure is an important indicator to measure a country's economic development. The higher the per capita GNP, the more developed the economy, the larger the tertiary industry, the lower the per capita GNP, the more backward the economy, and the greater the proportion of the primary industry.

Asian economic differences: the eastern coast is developed, the western inland economy is backward, the economic development of different land and sea locations is different, and the economic development is different under different social and historical conditions.

Chapter 7: Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

1. Geographical location: land and sea location (Northwest Pacific), continental location (East Asia), latitude location (wide latitude and longitude span) 23° N-46° N,122 E-148 E, Japan's north and south land is long and narrow, intersecting with longitude.

2. Topographic features: A typical island country, consisting of four islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu) and more than 3,900 small islands; The land area is 377,000 square kilometers; The coastline is tortuous and there are many excellent ports (such as Kobe and Yokohama). The terrain is dominated by mountains, the plain area is narrow, and there are many volcanoes and earthquakes (Japan is located at the junction of the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate, with frequent and unstable crustal activity).

3. Developed processing trade economy: Japan is a world economic power, a processing trade economy, and highly dependent on foreign countries. It must import raw materials from abroad and export finished products.

4. Major industrial zones in Japan: Keihin Industrial Zone, Nagoya Industrial Zone, Setouchi Industrial Zone, Hanshin Industrial Zone and Kitakyushu Industrial Zone; Distribution characteristics: Japanese industry is highly concentrated, mainly distributed in the inland sea coast of Seto and the Pacific coast.

5. Cultures compatible with the East and the West: Traditional colors and modern atmosphere coexist, and cultural exchanges between China and Japan have a long history.

6. Japan's investment measures: expanding overseas investment and establishing overseas production and sales bases, mainly for the United States, Western Europe and Southeast Asia; The advantages of overseas investment in building factories for Japan: using cheap labor in developing countries; Reduce the input cost of industrial production; Participate in international economic and technological cooperation and international market competition; Protect the country's natural resources, slow down resource consumption, protect the country's environment and reduce the input of transportation costs. The impact of Japanese overseas investment on other countries: Japan's relocation of heavily polluting enterprises overseas will pollute the environment of other countries and lead to a decline in environmental quality; Japan has a strong sense of protecting its own resources from its own interests, but importing a large amount of wood or overfishing in the ocean will lead to serious damage to the resources of other regions or countries in the world, which will lead to the imbalance of the global ecological environment.

7. Southeast Asia: including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago; Country (*** 1 1): Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia (the country of thousand islands, the largest archipelagic country in the world), Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, East Timor.

Geographical location: Latitude (10 s-25 n) is mainly located in the tropics; Land and sea location: the Indian Ocean in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east. Most countries are coastal countries and island countries, which are greatly influenced by the ocean. Transportation location: Located at the "crossroads" of two continents (Asia and Oceania) and two oceans (Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean).

Malacca Strait: Located between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island in Indonesia, it is the only place to sail eastward from Europe to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is an important sea passage bordering the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Influence of climate characteristics on agriculture in climate type distribution area

Tropical rain forest climate crops with high temperature and rain all year round can be sown at any time and harvested in all seasons in the southern part of Malay Peninsula and most parts of Malay Archipelago.

Tropical monsoon climate in Indo-China Peninsula, Malay Peninsula and northern Philippine Islands has high temperature all year round, sowing in rainy season in dry season and harvesting in dry season.

2. Why is rice the main food crop in Southeast Asia? Rice is a major food crop, but its production requires a lot of labor, high temperature and rainy conditions. Southeast Asia is densely populated, less cultivated, hot and rainy, and taking rice as the main food crop is an inevitable condition. Distribution of tropical cash crops in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are important rice exporters in the world; Thailand is the largest rubber producer in the world; The Philippines is the world's largest producer of banana cannabis and exporter of coconut. Malaysia is the largest palm oil producer in the world; Indonesia is the largest coconut producer in the world.

3. Most rivers in Southeast Asia originate from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, such as Mekong River (Lancang River) and salween River (Nujiang River). The characteristics of rivers are: north and south, mountains and rivers alternate with each other, the rivers run through mountains, the mountains on both sides are towering, the water is swift and the hydropower resources are rich. The lower continental valley widens, the water flow is slow, and sediments are deposited. Alluvial plains are formed on both sides of the river bank, and rivers are formed at the estuary, with low terrain and fertile soil.

4. Why are cities located in the delta along the Yangtze River and the estuary? Because these places have fertile land, flat terrain, easy irrigation and convenient transportation, they are important agricultural areas in Southeast Asia with dense population and developed agriculture, which also provide favorable conditions for the development of cities, such as Chongqing, Wujiang and Shanghai in China.

5. Geographical location: Located in the southwest of China, India is one of the four ancient civilizations. India's neighbors are Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka across the sea. India's terrain can be divided into three major terrain areas: the mountains in the south of West Malaya in the north, the Ganges Plain in the middle and the Deccan Plateau in the south.

6. The total population of India has exceeded 1 billion, making it the second most populous country in the world. In the past 50 years, the population of India has almost tripled. The main feature of India's population problem is the rapid population growth. Since the 1970s, the Indian government has adopted population control policies and incentive plans, but the traditional concepts in the vast rural areas of India are still very strong. For a long time, the annual net increase of India's population will be larger and larger. Due to India's overpopulation, India's per capita natural resources, per capita grain output and steel output are far from the world average. This shows that the rapid population growth will have a serious negative impact on a country's resources, environment and economic development.

7. Most parts of India are located in the tropics and subtropics, characterized by tropical monsoon climate: high temperature all year round, rainy season and dry season. In the rainy season (June-September), the wind blows from the ocean to the land (southwest wind), and in the dry season (10- May of the following year), the wind blows from the mainland to the ocean (northeast wind). Monsoon causes frequent floods and droughts in India. For example, the monsoon comes early and leaves late, and floods are formed when the wind is strong; The monsoon comes late and leaves early, and the weak wind forms drought.

8. The breakthrough of India's rapid grain growth lies in the implementation of the "green revolution". Rice and wheat are the main food crops in India, and their yields are among the highest in the world. Rice is mainly distributed in the Ganges plain and coastal plain with sufficient precipitation and flat terrain; Wheat is mainly distributed in the upper reaches of Ganges River and the northwest of Deccan Plateau with less precipitation and plenty of sunshine. This also shows that agricultural production is closely related to natural conditions.

9. Indian industry. During the British rule, textile and mining industries were mainly developed. This is because Britain strictly controls Indian industry for its own economic development. At that time, the level of science and technology in India was quite backward. After independence, India actively introduced foreign capital and advanced technology, attached importance to training scientific and technological talents, and made great efforts to develop its own industries, mainly steel industry, machinery industry, chemical industry and cotton and linen textile industry, and also made certain achievements in high-tech fields such as atomic energy, aerospace and computer software.

10. General situation of Russia: ① Terrain: relatively flat, mainly plain, with plain to the west of Ural Mountain, followed by western Siberia plain, central Siberia plain and eastern Siberia. It is the largest country in the world, with a length of 10000 square kilometers from east to west and a width of about 4000 kilometers from north to south, covering an area of over17 million square kilometers. ② Climate: Temperate continental climate is dominant. There are great differences among regions, with polar climate in the north being cold all year round, Mediterranean climate and temperate grassland climate in the south and temperate monsoon climate in the east. The climate in Russia: winter is long and cold, and summer is short and warm; ③ Rivers and lakes: The Volga River is the longest river in Europe, rich in hydraulic resources and the most important inland waterway. Ob river, Yenisei and Lega rivers are rich in energy and have a long freezing period. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world; ④ Rich in natural resources. There are many kinds, large reserves, uneven regional distribution, more in the east and less in the west. The main minerals are: oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, non-ferrous metals and so on. The main producing areas are Kursk Iron Mine, Kuzbas Coal Mine and Tyumen Oilfield.

1 1, four major industrial zones: the industrial sub-zone centered on Moscow is distributed in the European part of Russia, and it is the most developed region in Russia, mainly including steel, automobiles, airplanes, rockets and electronics; The industrial zone centered on St. Petersburg is located on the Baltic coast of European part of Russia. Petrochemical, shipbuilding, electronics, papermaking and aerospace industries are very developed here. It is also the most developed area of Russian food and textile industry; Ural Industrial Zone, located in the Ural Mountains, is located on the dividing line between Asia and Europe. The main products here are petroleum, steel and machinery. Siberian industrial zone centered on Kuzbas: mainly produces heavy industrial products such as coal, oil, natural gas, electric power, steel and military products.

12. Why should Abel Railway be built along the southern mountainous area? The first reason is that the southern mountainous areas are rich in mineral resources. Secondly, because of the high latitude, cold all the year round and low temperature in northern Russia, the frozen soil layer is deep. It is difficult to build a railway on frozen soil, and the safety factor is low. Pipeline transportation is a new mode of transportation that combines lines and means of transportation, mainly transporting oil and natural gas. Two main modes of transportation: road and railway; There are two main modes of goods transportation: pipeline and railway.

Chapter VIII Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

1. The Middle East is a geographical region centered on Europe. /kloc-when European countries expanded eastward in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, some eastern countries were divided into the Near East, the Middle East and the Far East according to their distance. The Middle East mainly includes countries in West Asia (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Palestine, Israel and Egypt) and Egypt in North Africa, in which West Asia does not include the European part of Turkey, while the Middle East includes the European part of Turkey, which means that the Middle East has a special geographical position, spanning Asia, Europe and Africa, and is called the land of two oceans, three continents and five seas. Atlantic and Indian oceans; Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, Red Sea and Arabian Sea), its special geographical location is also one of the reasons why this area has become a hot spot. The Turkish Strait and Suez Canal are the dividing lines between Asia and Europe, Asia and Africa respectively. The Middle East is like the transportation hub of the world. In ancient times, it used to be the only road of the Silk Road, and now it is also the main road of communication between the East and the West, especially the opening of the Suez Canal and the utilization of the Turkish Strait, which shows its superior geographical position. The Middle East is also the "air corridor" of world traffic, and many international routes have to pass through it. Therefore, the Middle East was once an area of aggression and expansion by imperialism and colonialism. Now some big countries want to compete for world hegemony.

2. Rich in oil resources: The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves, the largest oil production and export volume in the world (oil reserves account for 65.4%, output accounts for 30.5% and export accounts for 44.7%), which occupies an important position in the world and is known as the world oil treasure house. Middle East oil is mainly distributed along the Persian Gulf coast and mainly transported to the United States, Japan and Western European countries.