Xia dynasty:
The Xia Dynasty (about 2 146 BC-0/675 BC) began and ended in Jie, with a total of 17 emperors. In the summer, private ownership began to appear, and the demise system of clan society came to an end and was replaced by hereditary system. Society developed from primitive society to slave society. Xia dynasty's surname.
At the end of the Xia Dynasty, the internal affairs of the Xia royal family were not repaired, foreign invasion continued, and class contradictions became increasingly acute. Seeing that the time was ripe to attack valerian, Shang Tang called for the "mandate of heaven" and asked everyone to make an all-out attack and carry out God's will. In the Battle of Mingtiao, Shang Tang's army defeated the other army, and Jie escaped and died in the South Nest, and the Xia Dynasty perished.
Due to the lack of historical materials of the Xia Dynasty, many people doubt whether there was a Xia Dynasty in history. However, the lineage of Xia Dynasty recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji is as clear as that of Shang Dynasty recorded in Yin Benji, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Anyang Yin Ruins also confirmed the lineage of Shang Dynasty. In this way, on the basis of archaeologists' further understanding of the material and cultural remains of Shang Dynasty, such as Yin Ruins in Anyang and Zhengzhou Shopping Mall, etc. Put forward the research topic of Xia culture exploration, hoping to find the material and cultural remains of Xia dynasty through archaeological means, and then restore the history of Xia dynasty.
According to documents, ancient historians suggest that Xia people may have lived in two areas: one is Dengfeng, Yuxian and Luoyang Plain near Songshan Mountain in western Henan; One is the lower reaches of Fenshui River in the south of Shanxi.
Genealogy of Xia dynasty
Yu Xia ruled for 45 years.
Yu, surnamed Siming, is the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor. Because of his great contribution to water control, he was honored as "Dayu". His father was killed for failing to control the water source. In order to take over the work of water control, dredging method was adopted. After thirteen years of hard work, he finally succeeded. Shun, the heir, became emperor. It is called "Xia Hou", so it is called "Yu Xia". He was a vassal of Tushan, and established the prototype of slave country. Yu takes Jiuding as a symbol of Kyushu. Yu died in 45 years and was buried in Huiji Mountain.
Qi reigned for 29 years.
Qi, Zi Si, son of Dayu. After Dayu's death, Qi succeeded to the throne as the son of heaven. After Xia Qi acceded to the throne, he gave a banquet in Juntaida. You Hu's family was very dissatisfied with breaking the abdication system and refused to attend. Xia Qi sent his army to attack the Youhu family. The war hit Gansu, and the Youhu family was defeated and destroyed. This victory initially consolidated the new regime. China's first slave country was established. In old age, life is becoming more and more corrupt. He likes drinking, hunting, singing and dancing, but he ignores state affairs.
Taikang reigned for 29 years.
Xia Qi's son Taikang inherited the throne of Qi. His dissolute life and lax governance made the internal contradictions increasingly acute and the external four foreigners betrayed him. . When he was out hunting, the descendants of a poor leader took the opportunity to invade and became a monarch himself, which was called "Taikang lost his country" in history.
Zhong Kang was Zhong Kang's younger brother in 13 years. After he acceded to the throne, he was unable to restore Xia Shi. At this time, his descendants were killed by his cronies Han Zhuo. Han Zhuo is king on his own.
mutually
Be in power for 28 years
Item, son of Zhong Kang. Twenty-eight years after he ascended the throne, Han Jue attacked him and was killed.
Shao Kang
Ruled for 2 1 year.
A posthumous son Shao Kang. Han Zhuo's son sent someone to kill Shao Kang, who fled to Youyu's house and became Youyu's official. The descendants of Shun married their two daughters to Shao Kang and gave them to Tutian and others in Shao Kang. Shao Kang was firmly established.
Han Gang replaced Hou Yi. When the political situation was chaotic, he gathered the diaspora and reorganized the team. In the end, it overthrew Youqiong's political power, which had been rampant in Xia State for more than 40 years, and was called "Shao Kang Zhongxing" in history. Shao Kang is a successful king.
He was in office in 17.
Shao Kang's son. He took part in the war to restore Xia Guo led by his father and made many achievements. He invented armor and spears and conquered Dongyi on a large scale and won.
China Scholar Tree
44 years in power
Huai, son of Xun. During his reign, social economy developed.
Mang reigned 18 years.
Mang, pregnant son. When he was in office, he began to sink the sacrifices that lasted for thousands of years into the Yellow River (that is, to protect the river god and sink the sacrifices into the Yellow River).
Published on 2 1 year.
Xie, the son of Mang, was officially made a vassal of Jiuyi when he was in office.
Not in power for 59 years
An unhealthy, venting son. After 59 years in office, he gave way to his brother.
In office 2 1 year
Oh, my unhealthy brother.
He ruled for 2 1 year.
I am your son. When he came to power, Xia began to decline.
Kong Jia reigned for 3 1 year.
Kong Jia, an unhealthy son. Sima Qian said that "Emperor Kongjia was good at ghosts and gods and committed fornication", which shows that Kongjia was a cruel and bad king and ran amok.
High position 1 1 year.
Kong's son is tall.
Born in 1 1 year.
Fa, Gao's son. When he was in office, the governors of all parties had not come to congratulate him, the internal affairs of the Xia royal family had not been repaired, foreign invasion continued, and class contradictions became increasingly acute. Xia Guo fell further.
Jie reigned for 52 years.
Jie, the son of law. Is a famous cruel king in history. Abuse and murder, Xia Jie did not consider the reform after he acceded to the throne. He is arrogant and extravagant, building palaces and decorating Yao Tai. He likes drinking and having fun with his sister day and night, and people curse Xia Jie by pointing to the sun. The minister was loyal to the proposal, but he was imprisoned and killed. The governors of the four sides also betrayed each other, and Xia Jie fell into an isolated situation of internal troubles and foreign invasion. It was finally destroyed by Shang Tang, ending the Xia Dynasty which lasted nearly 500 years.
Quotient:
1 The history of the Shang clan is as long as that of the Xia Dynasty. It is said that the giant butterfly ate the egg of a mysterious bird and gave birth to the ancestor contract of Shang. From deed to soup, it has been handed down for fourteen generations, just in line with Xia Xiang. Five hundred years later, the Shang Dynasty became strong, and finally the summer was destroyed by the Battle of Song Dynasty.
After Shang Tang, the period from Taijia to Tailong was the consolidation and development of Shang Dynasty. When Tang's grandson Tai Jia was in power, there was a story about Yi Yin releasing Tai Jia. Since then, the rule of Shang has been very stable.
During Pan Geng's reign, he moved the capital several times and finally settled in Yin, so Shang Dynasty was also called Yin Dynasty, which promoted the economic and cultural development.
The Shang Dynasty was basically a hereditary system of the throne. From brother to brother, from father to son to the late Shang Dynasty, the eldest son inheritance system was established, which was also an important foundation of the patriarchal clan system in the Zhou Dynasty. At the same time, the divination of Shang Dynasty is also very famous, and the existing Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the record of divination. The rule of Shang king was confined to a narrow range.
The central area, surrounding areas and peripheral areas are the territories of the royal family and all ethnic groups, and centralization has not yet been formed.
After the mid-Shang Dynasty, contradictions intensified, especially the struggle for kingship and the struggle for slaves. Zhou Wang suppressed it by force, but it was finally destroyed by fire. The Shang Dynasty handed down from 17 generations to 35 kings, which existed for about 600 years.
Shang dynasty (562 BC? - 1066? ) is the second dynasty in the history of China, and it is also called the "three generations" of China with Xia and Zhou Dynasties, which occupies a very important position in the history of China. According to legend, the ancestor of Shang King was one of the descendants of the Five Emperors.
About BC16th century, a clan with birds as its totem rose in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and its leader became popular. With the help of Yi Yin, Zhong You and others, the war against Jie began. First, we wiped out an ally Ge, Wei, Gu, Kun and our Xia, except for our two wings, and then we defeated our army twice in the market of Iraq and Mingtiao. After Cheng Tang returned to the city, he officially became king, and various governors came to congratulate him, and the Shang Dynasty was formally established.
Cheng Tang died in the twelfth year of his reign, and Waibing succeeded to the throne after his death. The rule from Wei to Tai Jia was very short, and the power of Shang Dynasty was actually in the hands of Yi Yin. After Tai Jia acceded to the throne, he disobeyed the first law and ran amok. Yi Yin exiled him to Tong. When he repented, Yi Yin welcomed Tai Jia back to continue to be in power, and the rule of Shang showed a clear atmosphere.
After the death of Tai Jia, it was passed on to his son Wo Ding. After four generations of Tai Geng, Xiao Jia, Yong and Tai Wu, the rule of Shang Dynasty once declined. It was not until Emperor Taizu came to power that the Shang Dynasty flourished again, and the best political situation appeared after Cheng Tang. Therefore, businessmen call Taiwu "Zhongzong".
During the hundreds of years in the middle of Shang Dynasty, rulers of past dynasties moved their capital for many times because of internal disputes and economic reasons in the imperial court: Zhong Ding moved his capital to He Lv; He Tan Jia moved from the hustle and bustle to the photo; Zu Ti lives in a shelter; Nan Geng moved from refuge to election; Pan Geng went from election to Yin. After Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin, the state power of Shang Dynasty began to rise again. After Wu Ding acceded to the throne, he made great efforts to select talents and appointed talents such as Fu Shuo, Gampan and Zuji, which conquered neighboring countries, greatly expanded the territory and population of Shang Dynasty and created conditions for the development of production. During this period, the politics, economy and culture of Shang Dynasty had unprecedented development, and reached its peak in the late Shang Dynasty, which was called "Wuding Zhongxing" in history.
After Wu Ding, the Shang Dynasty began to decline gradually. After Wu Ding's sons, Zu Geng and Zujia, successively ascended the throne, they became politically incompetent and dissolute, which led to social chaos and people's misery. The six kings since Zujia (Yan Xin, Kangding, Wuji, Wending, Diji and Di Xin) went further than Zujia. By the time Di Xin (Shang Zhouwang) arrived, the Shang Dynasty was finally on the verge of collapse. Shang Zhouwang was a famous tyrant in the history of China. He doted on da ji, a beautiful woman, and abandoned and demoted some wise ministers such as Shang Rong, Bi Gan, Wei Zi and Ji Zi one by one, leaving the government affairs to Fei Zhong and other jesters. Therefore, not only North Korean ministers and nobles opposed Zhou Wang, but also Shang governors and other countries abandoned Germany. BC 1027 (? ), under the leadership of Zhou Wuwang, the Western Zhou Dynasty defeated the Shang army in Konoha, thus ending the rule of the Shang Dynasty for more than 600 years.
After more than 600 years of development, the Shang Dynasty made great progress in politics, economy and science than the Xia Dynasty. Judging from the ruins of Yin Ruins unearthed in our archaeology, the Shang Dynasty has completely divorced from the lifestyle of primitive tribes and changed from nomadism to settlement. A large number of divining tortoise shells, exquisite bronzes and jade articles have also been unearthed in the Yin Ruins. Among them, the "Simuwu Dafang Ding" found in Anyang is the largest bronze ware found in China so far. This shows that the bronze smelting and casting technology in Shang Dynasty reached a quite high level. Oracle Bone Inscriptions, found on tortoise shell in Oracle inscriptions, is generally regarded as the writing of Shang Dynasty, the earliest China hieroglyphics we can know today, which provides a strong basis for us to study Shang culture today.
The Shang Dynasty lasted about 496 years.
Shang BC 1562- BC 1066
Legend has it that merchants are descendants of their son Qi. Because Qi assisted Yu in water control, he was sealed by Shun and began to rise. After 500 years of development, it has become a powerful square country with milli as its capital by the time of Tang. With the help of Yi Yin, Cheng Tang first won the support of many countries and conquered the countries that did not submit. At last, he set out to cut the summer and sounded the golden bell to retreat. Xia Jie fled to the South Nest and died, and established the Shang Dynasty.
Shang Tang destroyed the decadent and tyrannical Xia Dynasty by force and established a new rule, which is a historical progress. Although the newly established Shang Dynasty is no different from the Xia Dynasty in social form, its birth injected new vitality into ancient society and perfected the mechanism of ancient class society. Therefore, ancient books fully affirmed Shang Tang's attack on Jie and suppression of Xia, and thought that "the Tang-Wu Revolution was based on heaven and man" (Book of Changes).
There were thirty masters and seventeen generations in Shang Dynasty. BC 1562 to BC 1066. There is no exact theory about the lineage of Shang dynasty, which is a saying of one family. The inheritance law of Shang dynasty was to adopt the system of brothers and sisters, and then pass on the children without brothers. When Shang Tang's grandson "Tai Jia" was in power, there was no way, so Yi Yin exiled him and became a regent himself. In the past three years, Tai Jia repented, welcomed back to the motherland, worked diligently and loved the people, attached to the princes, and maintained social stability, so he was called Taizong, the Lord of perseverance. From then on, until the ninth son of heaven, Emperor Taizu, it was a period of consolidation and development of the dynasty. During the eighth generation of Yongji in Shang Zhouwang, there was a situation in which governors refused to go to court. With the help of Yi and Wu Xian, Wu Tai succeeded to the throne, the Yin and Daoism were revived, and the princes were united, so Wu Tai was called.
From the 10th Emperor Zhong Ding, the Shang royal family was in chaos. Since then, the five dynasties and nine kings have repeatedly abandoned their children to set up brothers or illegitimate children, as well as the power struggle between brothers and sons for the throne, and moved the capital many times. First, the capital was moved, and then Zuyi moved to Xing. The "Nine Revolts" caused serious social problems such as the decline of national strength, the failure of the rulers, various contradictions and crises. In order to save the crisis of the dynasty, "Pan Geng" moved its capital from Xingyi to Yin, carried out reforms, carried out soup politics, got rid of extravagant habits, cared for the people, stabilized the situation, and began to develop rapidly in politics, economy and culture. History says "Pan Geng moved to Yin". Wu Ding, the 22nd generation king of Shang Dynasty, grew up in the countryside, knowing well the sufferings of the people and farming. He wisely promoted "Fu Shuo" from slaves, appointed people on their merits, vigorously reformed politics, and made nobles and civilians have no complaints. He repeatedly sent troops to quell the intrusion of nomadic peoples such as Turks and ghosts, and fought against Jing and Chu on a large scale. The influence of Shang Dynasty reached its peak in all directions.
Since the twenty-fourth generation of Wang Zujia, social contradictions have intensified, and the Yin Dynasty has gradually seen a scene of decline and chaos. The twenty-seventh generation of Wang Wuyi can't help it. He used a leather bag filled with blood and patted it on his back, which was called patting the sky. Later, when he was hunting in the river, he was electrocuted. By the thirtieth king, the struggle between kingship and aristocratic power reached a climax. Zhou Wang is smart, self-willed, pretentious, abusive, drunk and dreaming, drinking as a pool, hanging meat as a forest, and bingeing all night. Zhou Wang set the brand of punishment, wantonly killing princes and nobles. Abuse of prisoners aggravated the accumulation of wealth and made princes and nobles and kings rebel. When the crisis deepened day by day, Zhou Wang used large-scale troops against neighboring tribes to pacify Dongyi, which consumed a lot of manpower and material resources and accelerated the demise of Shang Dynasty. The Western Zhou people took the opportunity to develop and finally destroyed the Shang Dynasty.
List of Kings in Shang Dynasty (BC 1766 b- BC 1 122b)
Tang Cheng->; Taiyi-> Taiding->; Foreign exchange-> Heavy->; Taijia-> woding-& gt； Tai Geng-> Jony J->; Yongji->; -> taiwu; Zhong Ding->; Foreigners->; His family-> Yi-> Xinxin-> Wo Jia->; Kenting-> Nangeng->; Yang Jia->; Pan Geng->; Xiao Xin->; Little b-> -> Wu Ding; Geng Geng-> Armor->; Yan Xin->; Wuyi-> Taiding->; Di yi->; Di Xin (Zhou Wang)
Later, Princess Wu Dingfei: Hui Shan, Princess Shang and Zhou: da ji.
Hero Yi Yin
Political system:
There were two kinds of official positions in Shang dynasty: Chinese and Korean official positions and foreign official positions. Among the internal officials, there are external court administrators and internal court administrators. The chief executive is the "prime minister" who assists the Shang king in making decisions, also known as "A, Bao and Yin". The senior officials of the dynasty were collectively called Qing people. The "three publics" are honorifics set by people, and they are not permanent. In addition, there are books (also known as Tibetan history and civil history) responsible for divination, sacrifice and recording, divination and praying for ghosts and gods, recording and keeping ancient books, teachers of military attaché s, musicians and Shao Shi. The court official is an official who serves the royal family, mainly the general manager and the trusted minister. I manage all the specific affairs of the royal family, including the secretary in charge of all kinds of work, the clothes in charge of grain collection, animal husbandry, hunting, wine, king cars, king cars (also known as servants and kings), the military officer Ya, the guardian Ya, the rural elders who educate the children of nobles, and the "sound" of a foreign land. Officials abroad mainly include the leaders of Fang, Hou Bo, people who serve the imperial court and people who guard the border.
When the tribute system was implemented in Shang Dynasty, there was also labor rent to "help farming", that is, farmers were required to help plow public land (native land), and all the harvest was obtained by the rulers, accounting for about one tenth of the farmers' harvest. Yin increased taxes and enriched Lutai and giant bridges.
The political idea of Shang Dynasty is the political thought under the shadow of theocracy, and the rulers of Shang Dynasty "respect ghosts" and "respect gods". The highest political principle pursued is to govern the country according to the will of the gods and ghosts.
Economy and culture:
Businessmen have been a nation dominated by agriculture from the very beginning, and Shang Tang once sent thousands of people to help the Kuwaitis farm. Oracle bone inscriptions have appeared many times "its age" (can it be harvested? ) reflects the importance attached by the Shang rulers to agriculture. In terms of animal husbandry, in the Shang Dynasty, besides the remains of six animals, there were elephant bones, indicating that there were tamed elephants in the north at that time. And mastered the castration technology of pigs and began to raise freshwater fish artificially. Handicrafts are all managed by the government, with fine division of labor, huge scale, large output, many kinds and high technological level, especially the casting technology of bronzes has reached its peak. Become a symbol of commercial civilization. Moreover, the Shang people have invented primitive porcelain, and the white and delicate white pottery is quite level, realistic in shape and finely carved jade stone tools, which shows the superb skills of jade workers in Shang Dynasty. Silk products include leno with plain weave and twisted yarn structure, crepe with thousands of patterns, etc., and jacquard technology has been mastered.
The progress of agriculture and handicraft industry in Shang dynasty promoted the development of commodity exchange, and many merchants engaged in long-distance trafficking with ox carts and boats appeared. In the late Shang Dynasty, vendors specializing in various transactions appeared in Du Yi. Lu merchants used to kill cattle in Chao Ge and sell rice in Jin Meng.
Since the Shang Dynasty, China's music has entered an era of trust in history. Folk music and court music have made great progress. Due to the development of agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft industry, the smelting and casting of bronze reached a high level, which made the production level of musical instruments leap forward and a large number of exquisite and luxurious musical instruments appeared. Music and dance are the main forms of court music. Textual research can be found in Sanglin and Dabao, which is said to be written by Shang Tang's music and dance minister Yi Yin. There are three main types of people who are engaged in music professional work: "witches", "musicians" and "people". There is little information about the folk music of Shang Dynasty, and The Book of Changes and One Tun Liu Er are the folk songs of Shang Dynasty.
In Shang Dynasty, there were many word-formation methods in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as pictographic characters, knowing characters, pictophonetic characters, metonymic characters, reference characters and so on. And it is already a mature writing. In the unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions, 4672 words were found, and scholars have known 1072 words. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's writing materials are hard, so the font is square. At the same time, bronze inscriptions, because they are cast, have a round font.
Scientific development:
Astronomy: The calendar of Shang Dynasty has been divided into big and small months with a period of 366 days, and the length of new moon and tropic year is adjusted by the boudoir at the end of the year. There were many eclipses and new stars in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty.
Mathematics: There are as many as 30,000 numbers in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, with clear decimal system, odd number, even number and multiple concepts, and preliminary calculation ability.
Optical knowledge has been applied for a long time, and the micro-convex mirror unearthed in Shang Dynasty can reflect the whole face on a smaller mirror. This dynasty began in about 1760 BC and ended in 120 BC, and existed for more than 600 years.
Shang Dynasty
The time of Shang Dynasty BC 1600- BC 1046 is about from BC17th century to BC1/century. Shang Dynasty is the second hereditary dynasty in China history after Xia Dynasty. From Taiyi (Tang) to Iraq, there were 17 kings and 3 1 kings successively, which lasted nearly 600 years.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Shang Tang learned a profound lesson from the demise of the Xia Dynasty, abolished the tyranny that cruelly oppressed the people of Xia Jie, and adopted the policy of "letting the people govern the business", which eased the internal contradictions of the Shang Dynasty, stabilized the political situation, and became increasingly powerful. He conquered many countries around him and won a series of victories. Therefore, "Mencius Teng Wengong" recorded that Tang was "eleven talents, invincible in the world". "Poetry. Ode to Shang Dynasty. "Yanwu" also records that "once there was soup, I dared not enjoy it, and I dared not come to the king", which reflected that the Shang Dynasty had become a powerful country under the rule of the Tang Dynasty.
After Shang Tang and Jacky, they have made great contributions in handling government affairs, stabilizing the political situation and developing production. After Zhong Qiu's death, Yi Yin played a particularly prominent role in politics, becoming an important assistant and elder statesman of Shang Tang's A period.
After Shang Tang's death, his son Tai Ding died young, and Tai Ding's younger brother Vaike succeeded him. After the death of Waic, his younger brother Zhong Ren succeeded to the throne; After Ren Zhong's death, Tai Jia, the son of Yiting, succeeded to the throne, and Tai Jia was the eldest grandson of Shang Tang. According to "Historical Records of Yin Benji", "Emperor Tai Jia was founded for three years, unknown, tyrannical, disobedient to the soup method, and chaotic, so Yi Yin was placed in the same public." Tai Jia lived in Tonggong for three years, repented and blamed himself, and Yi Yin welcomed Tai Jia back to his office. Since then, Tai Jia Xiu De obeyed the law, the vassals surrendered, and people's lives were relatively calm. This story reflects Yi Yin's unremitting efforts to implement Shang Tang's strategy of governing the country and keep the Shang Dynasty in a long-term stability. This story has a long history, so Yi Yin gained the reputation of "benevolence and righteousness".
However, the greedy nature of the ruling class determines that the struggle for power and interests within the royal family is inevitable. It is recorded in Historical Records Yin Benji; "Since Zhongding, all the disciples have changed to others, which is more chaotic than IX, so the princes are not in the DPRK." From Pan Geng, it shows that during this period, the Shang royal family fought for the throne with internal strife and foreign invasion. During this period, the Shang Dynasty moved the capital several times.
According to documents, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times. According to the chronicles of bamboo books, from Bo to Xiao, He moved from Xiao, Zuyi moved from Pi, Nan moved from Pi to An, and Pan Geng moved from An to Bei Meng, which was called Yin. However, so far, archaeologists have only discovered four capital sites: Erlitou in Yanshi, Zhengzhou Mall, Yanshi Mall and Yinxu in Anyang. These four plots of land are all very large, all of which are more than three or four million square meters. Archaeologists have found important remains of large palaces, tombs and workshops in these four sites, such as the No.1 Palace found in the middle of Erlitou site, with an area of 1 10,000 square meters. Large-scale city walls were found in Yanshi and Zhengzhou. A large sacrificial site was also found in the Yin Ruins in Anyang. From these findings and literature records, we can know that the Shang Dynasty established a relatively complete state institution, including various officials, standing armies ("left, middle and right divisions"), laws and regulations, criminal regulations and so on. However, there are still different views on the relationship between these capitals and the names recorded in the literature. Only Yin Ruins in Anyang is the capital of Wang Shi after Pan Geng, and their views are quite consistent.
Historians have different views on the reasons why the capital was moved many times in the history of Shang Dynasty. However, as can be seen from Shangshu Pan Geng, moving the capital is related to internal political struggle. For example, although Pan Geng claimed to "move the capital to benefit the people", for those who did not listen to the orders, he issued "I will kill them, and I will not give them anything to plant in this new city" (I will kill them all, and I will not leave the seeds of evil in the new city), reflecting the fierce internal struggle. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, it eased the contradictions within the royal family and promoted the social and economic development. Pan Geng is known as the master of "Zhongxing", which laid the foundation for the arrival of Wu Ding's flourishing age.
Wu Ding is Xiao Yi's son, Pan Geng's younger brother and Pan Geng's nephew. When he was young, Xiao Yi invited him to live in the folk for a period of time to understand the hardships of people's lives. After he acceded to the throne, he made great efforts to govern, did not dare to abandon peace, made great efforts to govern, and determined to revitalize the great cause. He went out to crusade against the devil, the earth, Qiang, people, tigers and other countries. The scale of the war is not small, and thousands of troops are often used. The largest one is 13000. In these battles, Zheng served many small countries, expanded his territory and captured a large number of prisoners. Wuding cultural remains are quite rich, including palaces, tombs and workshops. The bronze industry, which represented the development level of social productive forces at that time, made breakthrough progress, such as the appearance of ternary alloy of copper, lead and tin; Separation casting technology has been widely used; The output of bronzes has greatly increased, and there have also been Si Muwu Dafang Ding, and even Fang Yi, Sanlian and other heavy weapons. Wu Ding's achievements in the bronze industry marked that the bronze age in China entered a prosperous period. In addition, great achievements have been made in textiles, medicine, transportation and astronomy. The flourishing age initiated by Wu Ding laid a good foundation for the development of social production in the late Shang Dynasty and even the prosperity of Western Zhou civilization.
Sacrificing to heaven and ancestors has a long history in China, and such remains are frequently found in prehistoric archaeology. With the emergence of agriculture, people worship heaven to pray for a good year with good weather. This is a kind of nature worship. Ancestor worship is also called soul worship. From the memory of ancestors, dreams are understood as the souls of ancestors. People offer sacrifices to their ancestors in order to seek their blessings. The situation of "being at home in the world" since the Xia Dynasty has greatly changed the content of primitive religion. Because the emperor is the highest ruler in the world, in order to maintain his rule, he combined ancestor worship with nature worship and created supreme gods such as heaven or god. From the literature, we can know that there was a god "heaven" in Shang Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty stumbled upon it in 1899, and re-presented the ancient Chinese characters buried for more than 3,000 years to the world for reading. The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions made the existence of Shang Dynasty indisputable and the history of Shang Dynasty a history of trust. 150,000 pieces of Oracle bones unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang recorded many things that happened in Shang society. After several generations of collation and research, it reveals its rich contents and opens up an important way for studying the history of Shang Dynasty. There are "emperors" or "gods" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Therefore, when Shang Tang attacked, he said, "Xia's crimes are determined by destiny." "Xia is guilty, and his son is afraid of God and does not dare to be unjust." Under the banner of "destiny", he encouraged the army and allied forces to carry out God's will and fight bravely. But the God in the sky and the Emperor (Shang King) on the earth are opposites. In order to carry out God's will, Xia Di communicated with God through witches. When worshipping ancestors, the Shang king used five kinds of sacrifices to the ancestors after the good ones. Thousands of sacrificial pits were found in the sacrificial site of Yin Ruins in Anyang, and Wuding sacrificed hundreds of people at one time. This situation reflects the importance attached by Shang kings to ancestor worship, because God is both the supreme god and the ancestor god.
After Wu Ding's death, the peace and prosperity he initiated did not last long. After Zu Geng and Zujia, especially during the period of Di Yi and Di Xin, the domestic contradictions were very sharp, and the governors from all directions rebelled in succession. Faced with this situation, Di Xin, King of Shang Dynasty, did not think about reform, did not listen to advice, and blindly pursued a life of extravagance and extravagance, further intensifying domestic contradictions. At the same time, militaristic, mobilized troops to conquer Dongyi, increased the burden on the people, and made the domestic forces empty. Zhou Wuwang's army attacked Konoha, a commercial suburb, and Shang Zhouwang organized its forces and rushed to fight. As a result, the king's army had no fighting spirit, and the "former disciple defected" cleared the way for Wu Wang's army. Seeing that the tide was over, Di Xin fled to Lutai, took out Yu Pei and set himself on fire. Shang dynasty is over.
King of Shang dynasty
Shang Tang-Waibing-Renzhong-Taijia-Woding-Taigeng-Jony J-Yongji-Taiwu-Zhong Ding-Wairen-Hejiajia-Zuyi-Zu Xin-Wo Jia-Zu Ding-Nangeng-Yangjia-
The Development Period of Slavery-Shang Dynasty
1, the rise of Shang clan
According to legend, Shang clan is a descendant of Gao Xin family, who lives in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and has a long history. During the Shun period, the Shang clan produced an outstanding military leader-Qi. Later, the merchants called him "Xuan Wang" as the ancestor, and compiled a ode to him (The Book of Songs, Ode to Shang Dynasty, Xuanniao). After Taikang lost his country, Qi's grandson began to develop to the East. The Book of Songs says: "Xiangtu is fierce, and there are interceptions overseas." By the middle of the Xia Dynasty, Sun Ming, the VI of Qi State, was "diligent and drowned" (on Mandarin and Lu), and merchants worshipped him in the suburbs. Ghost son Wang Hai "became a scalper" and developed to Hebei. By the fourteenth generation of Sun and Tang Dynasties, Shang had become a relatively powerful country in the East. "Mandarin Zhou Yuxia" said: "The merchant IV of the King of Qin flourished."
2. The establishment and development of Shang Dynasty.
Soup is Tian Yi, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is called Da Yi, and later generations used to call it Cheng Tang. Educated Shang clan leader, it is said that he was once imprisoned in a water dungeon. After he was elected as the leader, he saw that the Xia Dynasty was decaying day by day, and the tyranny of the Xia Dynasty had made people leave their relatives and friends, so he set out to establish a new dynasty. First of all, neighboring tribes are United by virtue and strength. Secondly, Fang (now the north of Ningling County, Henan Province), Wei (the east of hua county, Henan Province), Gu (the northeast of Juancheng, Shandong Province) and Kunwu (the south of Huaiyang, Henan Province) in the Xia Dynasty were wiped out, which was "invincible in the world in the Eleventh Sign". Finally, attack the capital of Xia Dynasty. The two sides fought in Mingtiao (Fengqiu East, Henan Province) and Shi Xia was defeated. After the extinction, Tang returned to Bo, where he met with governors and formally established the Shang Dynasty, with its capital in Bo.
3. Pan Geng moved to Yin.
From the Tang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty lasted for about 600 years, with Pan Geng moving to Yin as the boundary, which can be divided into two stages: the first stage: during the reign of Tang Dynasty, he was able to make great efforts to perform the duties of the "son of heaven". According to legend, in the seventh year of Shang Dynasty, during the drought, Tang prayed to God and said, "One person is guilty, and all people are guilty. Everyone is guilty, but only one is left. No one is insensitive, so that both gods and ghosts can harm people's lives (Lv Chunqiu docile subjects). At that time, the merchants were very powerful. The Book of Songs said: "Once upon a time, there was a soup, and I didn't dare to enjoy it. I didn't dare to come to the king, saying that the merchants kept coming" (Ode to the Merchants in the Book of Songs). After Tang died, his grandson Tai Jia ascended the throne. Although dissolute, Yi Yin, a wise minister, did not cause confusion. Later, there were many incidents of competing for the throne, and the kings moved repeatedly, making the political situation unstable. "It is more chaotic than IX, so the princes are in Mo" ("Historical Records Yin Benji"). The second stage: starting from Pan Geng. Pan Geng was the 20th king of the Shang Dynasty in the 10 generation. In view of the severe political situation at that time, it was decided to move the capital to Yin (northwest of Anyang, Henan). Yin "left Mengmen right, rivers in front, mountains and rivers behind" ("Warring States Policy Wei Ceyi") is called "in the world". Later, in 273, the capital stopped moving. Pan Geng's rule over the Tang Dynasty was that "the people revived the vagina with peace, and the princes came to the DPRK" (Historical Records Yin Benji). Pan Geng spread to Wuding, and the Shang Dynasty reached its peak. The territory reaches Liaoning in the north, Hubei in the south, Shaanxi in the west and the seaside in the east. In the late Shang Dynasty, political corruption, during the reign of Zhou Dynasty, embarked on the road of decline. In the early years of the Republic of China, the collected Oracle Bone Inscriptions was divided into five periods: Wuding era in Pan Geng, Zujia era in Zu Geng, Bingxin Kangding era, Wuyi Wen Ding era and the first emperor Di Xin era.
There's too much in the back to finish.