Appropriate introduction of extracurricular historical materials in junior middle school history teaching can improve classroom teaching efficiency, cultivate middle school students' historical thinking habits, and guide students to gain an essential understanding of historical phenomena from rich historical materials. The following are some materials about the "historical materials of the whole ninth grade" compiled by me for your reference.

The whole volume of historical materials of grade three

The formation of mankind

First, the emergence of human beings

1. Modern humans evolved from Australopithecus africanus (a "human being in the making").

Whether you can make tools is the fundamental difference of any animal.

Walking upright is a decisive step in the history of human evolution.

4. The representative figures in the stage of "fully formed person":

① Early ape-man: an "able man" in Oduwe Gorge Valley, Tanzania; (2) Late ape-man: China Yuanmou and Beijinger, (Javanese); ③ Early Homo sapiens: Dingcun, China (German Neanderthal); (4) Late Homo sapiens: Neanderthals in China and farmers in Kroma.

5. At the same time as the late Homo sapiens appeared, the differences of modern races also appeared.

6. Three major races (yellow race, white race and black race)

The reason: the ethnic difference is the result of many factors such as different natural geographical environment for a long time.

Second, clan society.

1. Different stages of clan society: matrilineal clan? Patriarchal clan

Matriarchal clan: women play an important role in gathering and housework and occupy a dominant position in society.

Patriarchal clan: With the progress and development of social productive forces, agriculture and animal husbandry developed, men gradually replaced women as the main labor force and began to rule the society, while paternal clan gradually replaced matriarchal clan.

2. The emergence of the state: In the late patriarchal society, with the intensification of social contradictions, the ruling class set up a series of institutions and facilities such as the government, the army, prisons and city walls. Their appearance marks the disintegration of primitive society and the emergence of the country.

Lesson 2 River Basin &; Mdash& ampmdash The cradle of human civilization

First, the country of the pyramids &; Mdash& ampmdash Ancient Egypt

1, the emergence, unification and demise of the country

(1) in 3500 BC, dozens of small slave countries appeared along the Nile; (2) In 3500 BC, the original unified ancient Egyptian country was established; (3) in the 6th century BC, Egypt was destroyed by Persia in West Asia.

2. Pyramids (tombs of ancient Egyptian pharaohs)

The pyramid is a symbol of the power of the Egyptian king.

Second, the ancient country bred by the new moon &; Mdash& ampmdash ancient Babylon

After/kloc-0 BC and 3500 BC, Sumerians established many small slave countries in the south of the two river basins.

2. In the 8th century BC, King Hammurabi of Babylon unified the two river basins and established a centralized slave country.

3. code of hammurabi: It is the first relatively complete ancient written code in the world.

Third, ancient India

In BC 1 and 2500, some small countries began to appear in the Indus Valley. Later, Aryans invaded ancient India, conquered the local residents and turned them into slaves, and successively established slave countries in the Indus Valley and Ganges Valley.

2. The hierarchy in India

(1) Ruling class: Brahmins (priests, nobles), Khrushchev (kings, warriors, officials);

② Ruled classes: Vishnu (farmers, herders, craftsmen and businessmen) and sudra (the conquered, the poor who lost their land and the bankrupt);

(3) Impact: The caste system intensified the social contradictions at that time, which brought adverse effects to the later development of Indian society.

4. Why did the ancient civilization appear in the big river basin?

A: ① The big river basin has humid climate, sufficient light and heat, and flat terrain, which is suitable for human survival; (2) The regular flooding of rivers provides abundant water sources and fertile soil, which is conducive to the development of agricultural production and further promotes the development of handicrafts and commerce.

Lesson 3 The Origin of Western Civilization

First, around 2000 BC, early Greek civilization &; Mdash& ampmdash Aegean civilization originated in Crete;

Second, the prosperity of Athens city-state.

1. Economy: Athens offshore, with convenient maritime transportation and developed industry and commerce; 2. Politics: Perikles has expanded the efforts of citizens, and all adult male citizens can participate in the citizens' assembly of the highest authority; 3. Culture and education: Perikles encourages academic research, develops literature and art, and attaches importance to education.

Third, the prosperity of the Spartan city-state.

1. Economy: Sparta is located inland, with agriculture as its main industry; 2. Politics: autocracy of a few slave owners; 3. Culture: advocating force and paying attention to military training.

Four. Rome and the Rise and Fall of the Republic (founded in 509 BC)

1, Punic War:

① Time: 3rd century BC to 2nd century BC; ② Reason: Competing for Mediterranean hegemony; 3 against the country: Rome? Carthage

2. The demise of Western Rome and the establishment of the Roman Empire.

① Background: In BC 1 century, a serious social crisis occurred in Rome, and the * * * system was no longer ruled, and slave owners tried to establish dictatorship to stabilize the regime;

② Process: In 49 BC, Caesar seized power? Octavian monopolized the state power and became the de facto emperor in 27 BC, and Rome was replaced by the Roman Empire.

Five, the division of the Roman Empire and the demise of the Western Roman Empire

(1) In 395, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: East and West. (2) In 476, the emperor of the Western Roman Empire was abolished by the Germans, and the Western Roman Empire perished, marking the end of the slave society in Western Europe.

Lesson 4 The Establishment of Asian Feudal Countries

I. Japan

/kloc-Around the 20th century, Japan began to have a slave country. Yamato continued to conquer and expand, and unified Japan in the 5th century.

Second, great changes (time: mid-7th century)

1. Background: Japanese social contradictions are very acute, slave owners in big noble are powerful, and the political situation is chaotic, so reform is imperative.

2. Content: Politically, establish a centralized imperial feudal country, abolish the aristocratic hereditary system, and select officials by talents; Economically, many aristocratic lands were nationalized and the people became national citizens; The state regularly distributes land to farmers for farming and collects taxes from them.

3. Significance: The transition from slave society to feudal society is the symbol of Japan's transformation.

Third, the establishment of Arab countries and the birth of Islam (Muhammad)

1. Background: At the end of the sixth century and the beginning of the seventh century, most parts of the Arabian Peninsula had not yet formed a unified country. Tribes kill each other for water and pasture. There are many internal contradictions, and the business road is not smooth, resulting in commercial decline, production stagnation and external invasion. In this situation, the Arab people are eager to establish a unified country.

2. Process:

In 6 10, Muhammad established Islam and preached in Mecca? In 622, Muhammad led his followers out of Medina, and established a country with the integration of politics and religion? In 630, Muhammad came to Mecca, which accelerated the unification of Arabian Peninsula? In 632, the Arabian Peninsula was basically unified.

Third-grade Historical Materials —— Medieval European Society

Lesson 5 Medieval European Society

First, the hierarchical European feudal society.

1, The Rise of the Frankish Kingdom: After the demise of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Germans established the Frankish Kingdom on its ruins.

2. Charlie Matt Reform &; Mdash& ampmdash feudal hierarchy of monarch and minister

Content: In the early 8th century, Charlie? When Matt was a court minister, he changed the previous practice of unconditionally rewarding aristocratic land and implemented conditional land enfeoffment. Those who get the fief must do military service for it.

3. Features: Although there were hierarchical aristocrats in the feudal society of Western Europe, there was no strict relationship between the upper and lower levels of aristocrats.

4. The position and influence of the Roman church: During the feudal society in western Europe, the Pope and the church were not only the largest landlords in western Europe, but also the spiritual pillars of the feudal system in western Europe.

Second, the re-emergence of western European cities.

1. Location: Most cities rise in places with convenient transportation, relative safety and easy access to cheap raw materials and products for sale.

2. Famous representative cities: Venice, Italy, Oxford, England, Manchester, England.

3. Significance: In the process of the re-emergence of cities in Western Europe and the rapid development of industry and commerce, a citizen class has been formed. It further distinguishes industrialists from businessmen and bankers. Wealthy businessmen and bankers developed into the early bourgeoisie. Their appearance prepared the conditions for the rise of capitalism.

Third, the demise of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)

1. Prosperity: The commerce and handicrafts of the Byzantine Empire were quite developed, and the ancient Greek and Roman culture was preserved here. The famous St. Sofia Cathedral is the crystallization of Byzantine architectural and artistic achievements.

2. Decline: ① Imperial militarism, conquering everywhere, leading to the emptiness of the national treasury and the poverty of the people; (2) foreign invasion; (3) Autocratic rule has intensified class contradictions in China.

3. Death: 65438+mid-5th century. Constantinople was captured by the Turkish army, and the Byzantine Empire, which lasted for more than 1000 years, finally perished.

Lesson 6 Wars and Conquest in the Ancient World

I. The Greek-Persian War

1, the formation and expansion of the Persian Empire: In the 6th century BC, the Persian Empire was formed in ancient Iran. The Persian Empire frequently went out to expand and conquered Egypt and other countries and regions.

2. Persian War

① Process: At the beginning of the 5th century BC, the Persian Empire went to Greece for three times, which was known as the Greek-Persian War.

Results: In the middle of 5th century BC, Greek soldiers and civilians won the war.

Second, Alexander the Great Crusade to the East.

1, Kingdom of Macedonia: In the 4th century BC, the Kingdom of Macedonia in northern Greece became powerful, defeated the Greek allied forces and took control of Greece in the late 4th century BC.

2. Route: Alexander the Great sent troops eastward, swept across Asia Minor and invaded Egypt. Then Li Li occupied the two river basins, wiped out the Persian Empire as far away as India, and established the Alexander Empire across Europe, Asia and Africa, with Babylon as its capital.

3. Impact:

① Positive aspects: promoting cultural exchanges between the East and the West; ② Negative: War brings disaster and is full of violence.

Third, the expansion of the Roman Empire and cultural exchanges.

1. Expansion: After 27 BC, under the rule of Octavian, the Roman Empire launched many wars of aggression. By the 2nd century, it will reach the largest scale. The Roman Empire spanned Europe, Asia and Africa, and the vast Mediterranean became its inner lake.

2. Cultural exchange and its influence: On the one hand, the conquest and rule of the Roman Empire were full of violence; On the other hand. Roman culture penetrated into the vast area under its rule.

Lesson 7 The Messenger of Cultural Exchange between East and West

First, the origin of Arabic numerals

Indians created a counting method of tens from 0 to 90, and Arabs reformed it. /kloc-spread to Europe at the beginning of the 0/2nd century and was called "Arabic numerals". The writing of16th century is basically the same as the current writing.

Second, Arabs have made great contributions to the development of world culture.

(1) translated and preserved many Greek works; (2) A complete algebra is established; (3) medical integration of latsis, according to this? Siena's Classic of Medicine has long been regarded as an authoritative work by European medical circles.

Third, the Silk Road &; Mdash& ampmdash, an important way to connect cultural exchanges and economy between the East and the West.

Fourth, the Italians in the court of the Yuan Dynasty

1 Kyle? Poirot and Kyle? Polo's travels

12 17, Kyle? Polo came to China (under Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu), lived in China for 17 years, and returned to Italy by sea. Later, he dictated his experiences and knowledge in the East, which was recorded by one of his cellmates as "Kyle? Adventures of Poirot

Verb (abbreviation of verb) the meaning of peaceful communication

A: Peaceful communication is the main theme, spreading the world's advanced culture and productive forces. Maintaining the diversity of world culture has had a lasting and far-reaching positive impact on the progress of the whole human civilization.

Lesson 8 Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (1)

First, ancient and mysterious words

1, hieroglyphics &; Mdash ancient Egypt; 2. Cuneiform &; Mdash Sumerians;

3. Phoenician letters? Greek letters? Latin alphabet (Rome)

Historical materials of the Pope in Grade 3-3

Second, the three major religions in the world

1, Buddhism

Founded in the 6th century BC; Location: Ancient India; Founder: Gautama? Siddhartha

2、

_ _ _ _ was founded in 1 century; Location: Palestine; Founder: Jesus

3. Islam

Founded in the 7th century; Location: Mecca; Founder: Muhammad

▲ * * * Same features: All three religions originated in Asia, and their teachings all advocate "patience and obedience".

Lesson 9 Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (2)

First, outstanding scientists

1, Archimedes

① Quality: Archimedes is good at thinking and likes to argue since childhood;

② Main discoveries and inventions: lever law, buoyancy law and spiral waterwheel.

2. Aristotle & Mdash& ampmdash "encyclopedic scholar"

Second, literature and drama.

1, Homer's epic

(1) country and author: Homer of ancient Greece;

② Value: This is an immortal masterpiece of world literature, which reproduces the picture of ancient Greek society and is an important historical material for studying early Greek society.

2. King Oedipus

(1) country and author: Sophocles in ancient Greece;

② "Father of Tragedy" mdash Aeschylus; The father of comedy &; Mdash aristophanes

3. Arabian Folk Tales of Thousand and One Nights mdash

Third, famous buildings.

1. Representative of Arabic Architecture: Mecca Mosque (the largest holy mosque in Islam)

2. Gothic architecture representative: Notre Dame de Paris (built in the 2nd century with a history of 180 years).

The beginning of the capitalist era

I. Renaissance

1. Time and place:14th century, Italy? From 15 to16th century, it expanded to other European countries and regions.

2. The root cause: the bud of Italian capitalist economy (economic base)

3. Essence: emerging bourgeois culture 4. Features: Publicity through classical culture 5. Guiding ideology: humanism.

6, on behalf of the task and its works:

(1) the pioneer of the Renaissance &; Mdash& ampmdash Dante (Italy), masterpiece: Divine Comedy;

(2) Renaissance artists &; Mdash& ampmdash? Finch (Italy), representative work: Mona Lisa and the Last Supper;

(3) Renaissance literary masters &; Mdash& ampmdash Shakespeare (England), his representative works: Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.

7. Significance: Renaissance destroyed the spiritual dictatorship of the medieval church, promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields, laid an ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society, and effectively promoted the transition of Western European society from feudal system to capitalist system.

Second, the opening of new routes.

1, root cause and other reasons

① Roots: the capitalist economy is budding and the commodity economy is active;

② Other reasons: Kyle? Polo's adventure, the progress of shipbuilding technology, the popularization of earth circle theory and the wide application of compass.

2. Process:

1) Diaz &; Mdash is funded by Portugal &; mdash 1487- 1488 & mdash； Open a route from Europe to the Indian Ocean and find the Cape of Good Hope;

(2) Columbus mdash funded by Spain &; mdash 1492 & mdash； Open a route to the United States;

3 gundam? Gamma & mdash Portuguese funding? & ampmdash 1497- 1488 & mdash； Open up a new sea route from Europe to mainland India;

④ Magellan &; Mdash is funded by Spain &; mdash 15 19- 1522 & mdash； Complete a round-the-world trip across the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and then back to Europe.

3. Impact: ① The traffic from Europe to Asia, America and Africa is getting closer and closer, and the world is becoming a whole; (2) The prosperity of industrial and commercial economy along the Atlantic coast of Europe promoted the emergence and development of capitalism; (3) It opened the way for colonial plunder, primitive accumulation of capital and the establishment of the capitalist world market, which brought disaster to Asia, Africa and Latin America.

western bourgeois revolution

First, Britain under the divine right of monarchy &; Mdash& ampmdash British bourgeois revolution (time:1640&; mdash 1688)

1, the root cause: Britain's feudal autocracy hindered the development of capitalist economy.

2. fuse: Scottish people's uprising 3. The mark of the beginning: the parliament reconvenes (or the struggle between parliament and the king)

4. Leader: the bourgeoisie, new noble; Leader: Cromwell

Second, Charles I was killed by the guillotine.

1649, Charles I was guillotined and the United Kingdom was founded.

Three. The promulgation of the bill of rights

1, the restoration of charles ii, made a crazy counterattack.

2. 1688, the bourgeoisie and new noble launched a palace coup, overthrew the autocratic rule and established a new king.

3. Time, purpose and significance of promulgation

Xueyou com/

① Time:1689;

② Purpose: to restrict the rights of the king;

(3) Significance: (1) The king's rights are clearly restricted by law; (2) The bourgeois rule of constitutional monarchy began to be established.

Fourth, the significance of the British bourgeois revolution: the British bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal monarchy through the revolution, established its dominant position, cleared the way for the development of capitalism and promoted the process of world history.

On the next page, there is more information about "all historical data of grade nine"