Qufu, Shandong Province is the hometown of Confucius. There are huge palace-style buildings-Confucius Temple, Confucius House, a noble mansion that has been passed down for more than 70 generations in Chinese and foreign history, and Kong Lin, a garden cemetery twice as big as Qufu County. Confucius Temple, Confucius House and Confucius Forest, referred to as "Three Holes" for short, are rare historical and cultural tourist attractions in China and even the world.
Confucian temple
It is a place to worship Confucius. In China, almost every provincial capital or county has Confucius Temple, but the largest Confucius Temple is in Qufu. The whole temple is 1 km long from north to south, covering an area of 327 mu. * * There are more than 400 temples, including three halls, one pavilion, three temples, two halls, seventeen pavilions and fifty-four doors, which enter the front and rear courtyards of * * 9 with rigorous layout and magnificent momentum.
The main building of Confucius Temple is Dacheng Hall. This magnificent hall is 45.78 meters wide, 24.89 meters deep and 24.8 meters high, and its base covers an area of 1.836 square meters. It is one of the huge existing ancient buildings in China, comparable to the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City. The most striking thing about this temple is the ten stone pillars on the front. There are two dragons carved on each pillar, soaring in the clouds, and there is a treasure bead between the two dragons, hence the name "Two Dragons Playing with Beads". The stone pillars are all stone carvings, which are magnificent. There is a huge statue of Confucius in the temple, which is 3.3 meters high and radiant, powerful but not fierce. On both sides of Confucius statue are "four pairs" statues of Yan Hui, Zeng Shen, Kong Ji and Monk, which are 2.6 meters high. There is also a 2-meter-high statue of Twelve Philosophers.
There are more than 3,000 stone tablets in the Confucius Temple, which is regarded as a treasure house of calligraphy, painting and sculpture. The most precious are 22 stone carvings from the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties.
Kongjiadazhai
Also known as the Feast Duke's Mansion, it is located in the east of Confucius Temple. Confucius House is the place where the direct descendants of Confucius live. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named Sun Kongba, the 12th generation of Confucius, as "Shanhaiguan Hou, 800 households in the food city, 200 Jin of gold, and one district in the house". This is the earliest recorded residence of the feudal emperor Jade for Confucius' descendants. In the second year of Song Dynasty (1055), Sun Kong, the 46th generation of Confucius, was named "Feast Duke", while he was named hereditary "Feast Duke", and Confucius House was also called "Feast Duke". The present Confucius House is basically a building in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, including 463 halls, halls, buildings and pavilions. It is a typical aristocratic gateway home in China and is known as the "first in the world". In fact, at present, the descendants of no family in the world last more than 77 generations.
Confucius House can be divided into front hall, middle residence and back garden. The front hall is the official office, which is divided into lobby, hall 2 and hall 3. It is the place where the Duke of Feast handles official business. The Duke of Feast is a first-class official rank, ranking first among civil servants and enjoying greater privileges. There are also six places in the front hall, such as seal recognition, calligraphy, Confucian classics, music, pipe hook and Baihutang, which serve the Confucius House.
Zhongju is the inner room and the back garden, where the Duke of Feast and his family live. The front and rear buildings of the inner room are the houses of your master, wife, young master and young lady, and the daily necessities of that year are now displayed; For example, old mahogany furniture and new sofas. Kong Decheng, the 77th grandson of Confucius and the last generation of the Duke of Feast, was equipped with Chinese and Western furniture for marriage at that time.
The last one is the garden, also called Tieshan Garden. There are rockeries, fish ponds, flower docks, bamboo forests and various flower bonsai in the park. What is particularly rare is a strange tree with "five cypresses holding arms". An ancient cypress tree has five branches, including a pagoda tree, which is rare in the world.
There are also many precious cultural relics in Confucius House, such as Shang and Zhou bronzes, Yuan and Ming costumes, ancient calligraphy and painting, celebrity Mo Bao, bamboo carving, jade carving, enamel and other artistic treasures. In addition, there are a large number of documents and archives since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The whole Confucius House is like a museum, with countless treasures.
Lin Kong
It is the graveyard of Confucius and his descendants. Located in the north of Qufu, covering an area of more than 3,000 mu. It is the largest, longest-lasting and most intact clan tombs and artificial gardens in China.
Kong Lin Shendao is 65,438+0,000 meters long, with ancient cypresses and cypresses, which stand on the path and flourish, mostly planted in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. At the end of the forest road is the wooden archway of "Knowing Lin Sheng", which is the gate of Kong Lin. From here to the north is Erlinmen, a castle-like building, also known as "Guanlou". Around the city wall, it is 4 meters high and 7,000 meters long. There is a river in the forest wall, which is the famous holy water-Zhushui River. Not far from the north of Zhushui Bridge is the Music Appreciation Hall. It is the place where incense altars are placed when offering sacrifices to Confucius. There are stone beasts in front of the temple, such as Weng Zhong, Wang Zhu, Wenbao and Jiaoduan. After enjoying the temple, the tomb in the middle is the tomb of Confucius. There is a huge stone tablet in front of the tomb, which reads "Tomb of King Dacheng to Wensheng Wang Xuan". To the east is the tomb of his son "Surabaya Hou" Kong Li; The former is the tomb of Confucius, the grandson of Guo Yishu in Gong Sheng. It is said that this special tomb layout is called "holding children and grandchildren".
On the east side of the tomb of Confucius, there are three pavilions, which are called "living pavilions". They are the places where Song Zhenzong, a saint of the Qing Dynasty, and Emperor Gaozong stopped to pay homage to Confucius.
In addition to the tomb of Confucius, the tomb of the wife of the seventy-second generation Sun Kong Xianpei, Yushifang, has a large style and high tomb decoration specifications. This place used to be the daughter of Emperor Qianlong. Because Manchu and Han were unmarried at that time, the emperor betrothed his daughter to Yipin Minister and married the duke in the name of his children, so it was called Yushifang.
There is also a tomb of a famous person, who is the Qing Dynasty dramatist Kong, who is famous for The Peach Blossom Fan. His tomb is located in the northeast corner outside the inner ring. The tombstone is engraved with the words: "the tomb of Dr. Feng Zhi, Mr. Dong Tang, the foreign minister of the Qing Dynasty in Guangdong." Kong Renshang once took Confucius Temple and Confucius Forest for Emperor Kangxi. Because of his profound knowledge, his vivid explanation won the appreciation of the emperor.
References:
/student/Pu Ke/science popularization 1/ Tian Wen/blgz/tourism/Guangdong/Shangdong 3.htm.